:CT>

ROBA

ON THE

CHOICE OF BOOKS

BY

THOMAS CARLYLE.

FIFTH EDITION.
WITH A NEW LIFE OF THE AUTHOR.

No. 5, Great Ckeytte Row, Chelsea,

THE RESIDENCE OF MR. CARLYLE SINCE 1834.

fExrnbxnt:

CHATTO AND WINDUS, PUBLISHERS.
1878.

PRELIMINARY.

[HE general belief that Carlyle is a gloomy
misanthrope, scarcely ever seen outside
his own door, is quite an error. Like Thacke-
ray— and, indeed, most other sensible authors —
he has no disinclination to accept an invitation
to a good dinner. Only a short time ago, he
was the guest of the fashionable young officers
on guard at St. James's Palace, who were de-
lighted at having the great man amongst them
—and in full talk, too. It was not like any
ordinary conversation — says one that was pre-
sent— it was as if the speaker was giving a long
recitation from some favourite book — an essay,
a philosophical poem thrown into prose — and
experienced a tranquil, steady pleasure from the
recital. He touched upon his best-beloved

viii PRELIMINARY.

topics, and held forth their excellencies, as some
ancient philosopher might have done when
moving amongst his scholars in those early
schools of the classic period, which have been
imagined in the designs of the old masters.
Carlyle's conversation is, perhaps, the best living
representation of Coleridge's style and manner.

He has, however, a strong dislike to make
himself conspicuous in any way. In his own
neighbourhood of Chelsea he is never known to
take part in public affairs, parochial or otherwise.
He has, in short, a horror of the stump and the
" Vestry Hall." The suburb, however, has evi-
dently attractions for him of a peculiar kind.
Leigh Hunt's removal to Chelsea was owing to
him, as all readers of Hunt's correspondence will
remember. Hunt lived in Upper Cheyne Row,
within a stone's throw of his illustrious friend ;
and many were the visits between the two houses,
Carlyle being always ready to step in when any
of those little difficulties about the water-rate,
or the butcher's bill, which "vex the poet's
mind," required the prompt assistance of a friend^
whose motto was bis dat qui cito dat. Retired
as is Carlyle's life, his gaunt figure, attired in a
brown coat, and dark horn buttons, and with a

PRELIMINARY. ix

large, slouched felt hat, is familiar enough to
Chelsea people. Nor will the denizens of that
historico-literary locality let him pass quite so
unnoticed as he would desire. Already a sort of
pre-posthumous fame has gathered about him ;
and the gentlemen who wrote the life of Turner,
and collected so much about that immortal
genius from Chelsea folks, would find Chelsea
no less fruitful of anecdote about Carlyle. There
they tell how the great author of " Hero Wor-
ship" one day found himself without three-pence
to pay a fare, and how an irreverent omnibus
conductor, having evidently strong doubts of his
character, deputed a sharp newspaper boy to
accompany him to the .address he had given, and
see " all was right ;" and how the boy was in-
terrogated by the philosopher with " Weel, cawn
ye read ?" and so forth ; and found him " a very
nice man," and hastened to the omnibus conduc-
tor to communicate the fact, that the supposed
cheat was " a gentleman, and really did live in
Great Cheyne Row, as he had solemnly alleged."
Carlyle always walks at night, carrying an
enormous stick, and generally with his eyes on
the ground. When he is in London any one may
be sure of meeting him in some of the dark

* PRELIMINARY.

streets of that locality about midnight, taking
his constitutional walk before retiring to bed — a
custom which he continued all through the
"garrotting" panic, in spite of warnings of
friends that the history of Frederick the Great
might one day be brought to an untimely and
premature conclusion. Probably the philoso-
pher was quite willing to trust to his knotted
stick, although walking alone, as is his invariable
custom. Occasionally he may be seen on horse-
back ; and the good Chelsea folks, whom the
philosopher will doubtless pardon for a little ex-
cess of that form of " hero-worship " which
delights in accumulating details about "living
celebrities," tell how he grooms his own horse,
keeping it in a stable on an odd piece of waste
ground, among donkeys, cows, and geese, who
have also their abodes there, and from the crazy
gateway of which he issues forth, always unat-
tended, sitting erect in the saddle, like a skeleton
guardsman. His solitary habits, however, are
not altogether unbroken. Though it is rare in-
deed that he is ever seen to stop and speak to a
grown person in the street — probably because he
knows but one or two personally in his own
neighbourhood — he is always ready to recognise

PRELIMINARY. xi

little children. The keeper of a small confec-
tioner's shop near the river-side tells with delight
how he will call upon her for extravagant quan-
tities of cheap sweetmeats, with which he wall
sometimes stop and load the laps of a little group
of poor children in some of the purlieux of Law-
rence Street — that locality once hallowed by the
presence of Smollett, Toland, and Budgell — but
now, alas ! sadly fallen from its old gentility.

Some popular anecdotes of him, however, are
not, it must be confessed, of so genial a charac-
ter. Mr. Babbage himself is not more sensitive
to street noises, for which reason — this was before
the days of Mr. Bass's bill — our philosopher
would often be seen to rush out without his hat
to offer the proprietor of a dreadful organ a
bribe; failing which he would seize the out-
landish offender by the coat collar and forcibly
deposit him, instrument and all, at the door of a
neighbouring literary man, who had rendered
himself conspicuous by defending the organ-
grinding nuisance in the public press. Equally
famous in that locality is his hatred of fowls and
their noise : a neighbour's fowls having, as he
once complained, succeeded in banishing him to
an upper garret, because, as he said in his pecu-

xii PRELIMINARY.

liar broad Doric, " they would neither hatch in
peace nor let him." Generally, however, the
philosopher and historian's friends may be glad
to know that he enjoys a degree of retirement
and seclusion not easily to be found in the
suburbs of the metropolis. The street in which
he resides is silent, deserted, and antique. A
large garden, fit for philosophic meditation, and
enclosed in fine old red brick walls— strangely
neglected, by the way, and exhibiting all the
"rank luxuriance" of the jungle — lies at the
back of the house, where "rumours of the out-
ward world " rarely reach him ; and where, we
hope, we may be pardoned for this brief, but not
irreverent glance at the far-famed Philosopher
of Chelsea.

JOHN CAMDEN HOTTEN.

BIOGRAPHICAL INTRODUCTION.

:ERE comes a time in the career of every man
of genius who has devoted a long life to the
instruction and enlightenment of his fellow-creatures,
when he receives before his death all the honours paid
by posterity. Thus when a great essayist or historian
lives to attain a classic and world-wide fame, his own
biography becomes as interesting to the public as those
he himself has written, and by which he achieved his
laurels.

This is almost always the case when a man of such
cosmopolitan celebrity outlives the ordinary allotted
period of threescore years and ten; for a younger
generation has then sprung up, who only hear of his
great fame, and are ignorant of the long and painful

1 4 BIR TH AND PARENTA GE. [i 795.

steps by which it was achieved. These remarks are
peculiarly applicable in regard to the man whose career
we are now to dwell on for a short time : his genius
was of slow growth and development, and his fame
was even more tardy in coming ; but since the world
some thirty years ago fairly recognised him as a great
and original thinker and teacher, few men have left so
indelible an impress on the public mind, or have in-
fluenced to so great a degree the most thoughtful
minds of the time.

Thomas Carlyle was born on Tuesday, December
4th, 1795, near Ecclefechan, a small village in the
district of Annandale, Dumfriesshire. His father, an
agriculturist, was noted for quickness of mental per-
ception, and great energy and decision of character ;
his mother, as affectionate, pious, and more than or-
dinarily intelligent;* and thus accepting his own

* "Carlyle's mother was a person, it seems, who had through
her spiritual instincts discovered that the ordinary views (the
received version, in fact) regarding the character of Cromwell
were incorrect. She was, apparently, very much such a person
as the female head of the household delineated in the ' Cotter's
Saturday Night.' It was through his mother that Carlyle was
led to undertake the labour of clearing up the character of this
British worthy."

1809.] BIRTH AND PARENTAGE. 15

theory, that " the history of a man's childhood is the
description of his parents' environment," Carlyle en-
tered upon the " mystery of life" under happy and
enviable circumstances. After preliminary instruction,
first at the parish school, and afterwards at Annan, he
went, in November, 1809, and when he was fourteen
years old, to the University of Edinburgh. Here he
remained for seven or eight years, distinguishing
himself by his devotion to mathematical studies then
taught there by Professor Leslie. As a student, he
was irregular in his application, but when he did set
to work, it was with his whole energy. He appears
to have been a great reader of general literature at
this time, and the stories that are told of the books
that he got through are scarcely to be credited. It
was at school that Carlyle formed a friendship with
Edward Irving, with whom he maintained an inter-
course during the whole time of his attendance at the
University. Although Carlyle had, at his parents'
desire, commenced his studies with a view to entering
the Scottish Church, the idea of becoming a minister
was abandoned long before he left college. A fellow-
student describes his habits at this time as lonely and
contemplative ; and we know from another source that

1 6 UNIVERSITY CAREER. [1820.

his vacations were principally spent among the hills
and by the rivers of his native county. When he left
Edinburgh he seems to have been completely unde-
cided as to his future course. However, two vacan-
cies occurring just at this time in schools at Dysart,
in Fifeshire, and in Kirkcaldy, he, and his friend
Irving, engaged themselves as teachers, Carlyle taking
the post of tutor in mathematics, as he had distin-
guished himself in that branch at the university. He
remained here about two years, becoming more and
more convinced that neither as minister nor as school-
master was he to successfully fight his way up in the
world. It had become clear to him that literature
was his true vocation, and he would have started in
the profession at once had it been convenient for him
to do so.

He had already written several articles and essays,
and a few of them had appeared in print ; but they
gave little promise or indication of the power he was
afterwards to exhibit. During the years 1820—1823,
he contributed a series of articles (biographical and
topographical) to Brewster's " Edinburgh Encyclo-
paedia,"* viz. : —

* Vols. XIV. to XVI. The fourteenth volume bears at the

1820.] EARLIEST WRITINGS. 17

1. Lady Mary Wortley Montagu 9. Netherlands

2. Montaigne 10. Newfoundland

3. Montesquieu n. Norfolk

4. Montfaucon 12. Northamptonshire

5. Dr. Moore 13. Northumberland

6. Sir John Moore 14. Mungo Park

7. Necker 15. Lord Chatham

8. Nelson 16. William Pitt.
The following is from the article on Necker : —

" As an author, Necker displays much irregular force
of imagination, united with considerable perspicuity
and compass of thought ; though his speculations are
deformed by an undue attachment to certain leading
ideas, which, harmonizing with his habits of mind, had
acquired an excessive preponderance in the course of
his long and uncontroverted meditations. He pos-
sessed extensive knowledge, and his works bespeak a
philosophical spirit ; but their great and characteristic

end the imprint, " Edinburgh, printed by Balfour and Clarke,
1820 j" and the sixteenth volume, " Printed by A. Balfour and
Co., Edinburgh, 1823." Most of these articles are distinguished
by the initials " T. C." ; but they are all attributed to Carlyle
in the List of the Authors of the Principal Articles, prefixed to
the work on its completion.

i8 DAWN OF THE LATER STYLE. [1822.

excellence proceeds from that glow of fresh and
youthful admiration for everything that is amiable or
august in the character of man, which, in Necker's
heart, survived all the blighting vicissitudes it had
passed through, combining, in a singular union, the fer-
vour of the stripling with the experience of the sage"*

Here is a passage from the article on Newfoundland,
interesting as containing perhaps the earliest germ of
the later style : —

" The ships intended for the fishery on the south-
east coast, arrive early in June. Each takes her
station opposite any unoccupied part of the beach
where the fish may be most conveniently cured, and
retains it till the end of the season. Formerly the
master who arrived first on any station was constituted
fishing-admiral, and had by law the power of settling
disputes among the other crews. But the jurisdiction

* When this article was written, Carlyle's mind must already
have been thoroughly imbued with the poetry of Schiller, whose
Life he was shortly to publish. The words printed in italics
are an almost literal translation of the concluding lines of
Schiller's poem, entitled Licht und Wdrme : —

" Drum paart zu eurem schonsten Gltick
Mit Schwarmers Ernst des Weltmanns Blick T

1822.] LEGENDRES GEOMETRY. 19

of those admirals is now happily superseded by the
regular functionaries who reside on shore. Each cap-
tain directs his whole attention to the collection of his
own cargo, without minding the concerns of his neigh-
bour. Having taken down what part of the rigging is
removable, they set about their laborious calling, and
must pursue it zealously. Their mode of proceeding
is thus described by Mr. Anspach, a clerical person,
who lived in the island several years, and has since
written a meagre and very confused book, which fo calls
a HISTORY of it"

To the "New Edinburgh Review" (1821-22)
Carlyle also contributed two papers — one on Joanna
Baillie's "Metrical Legends," and one on Goethe's
" Faust."

In the year 1822 he made a translation of "Le-
gendre's Geometry," to which he prefixed an Essay on
Proportion ; and the book appeared a year or two
afterwards under the auspices of the late Sir David
Brewster.* The Essay on Proportion remains to

* "Elements of Geometry and Trigonometry," with Notes.
Translated from the French of A. M. Legendre. Edited by
David Brewster, LL.D. With Notes and Additions, and an
Introductory Chapter on Proportion. Edinburgh : published

1

20 FRIENDSHIP WITH GOETHE. [1822.

this day the most lucid and succinct exposition of the
subject hitherto published.

During some portion of this unsettled period of his
life, Carlyle took up his residence in Germany, where
he remained for a considerable length of time. It was
there that he not only acquired that accurate know-
ledge of the German language, and that intimate ac-
quaintance with German literature, which has since
excited in so large a degree the admiration of scholars,
but that he formed a friendly and familiar intimacy
with Goethe. So great was the friendship which the
latter entertained for him, and so fond was he of his
society, that, as he could not always be in his com-
pany, he caused a bust of him to be executed by a
first-rate artist, and to be placed in his own study, in
order that Mr. Carlyle's image might be constantly
present to his mind.*

by Oliver and Boyd ; and G. and W. B. Whittaker, London.
1824, pp. xvi., 367. Sir David Brewster's Preface, in which he
speaks of "an Introduction on Proportion, by the Translator,"
is dated Edinburgh, Aiigust i, 1822.

* See "Portraits of Public Characters," by the Author of
"Random Recollections of the Lords and Commons." Lond.
1841, Vol. II., pp, 144, 158.

1824.] LIFE OF SCHILLER. 21

In 1823 Carlyle accepted the post of tutor to
Charles Buller, of whose early death and honourable
promise, two touching records remain to us, one in
verse by Thackeray, and one in prose by Carlyle.

For the next four years Carlyle devoted his atten*
tion almost exclusively to German literature.

His Life of Schiller first appeared under the title of
" Schiller's Life and Writings," in the London Maga-
zine.

Part I. — October, 1823.
Part II. — January, 1824*
Part III.— July, 1824.
„ August, 1824,

„ September, 1824.

It was enlarged, and separately published by
Messrs. Taylor and Hessey, the proprietors of the
Magazine, in 1825.

The translation of "Wilhelm Meister," in 1824,*
was the first real introduction of Goethe to the read-
ing world of Great Britain. It appeared without the
name of the translator, but its merits were too palpa-
ble to be overlooked, though some critics objected to

* Wilhelm Meister's Apprenticeship. 3 Vols., Edinburgh,
1824.

22 TRANSLATIONS FROM THE GERMAN. [1826.

the strong infusion of German phraseology which had
been imported into the English version. This acquired
idiom never left our author, even in his original works,
although the " Life of Schiller," written but a few
months before, is almost entirely free from the pecu-
liarity. " Wilhelm Meister," in its English dress, was
better received by the English reading public than by
English critics. De Quincey, in one of his dyspeptic
fits, fell upon the book, its author, and the translator,*
and Lord Jeffrey, in the Edinburgh Review, al-
though admitting Carlyle to be a talented person,
heaped condemnation upon the work.

Carlyle's next work was a series of translations,
entitled " German Romance : Specimens of the chief
Authors; with Biographical and Critical Notices."
4 vols. Edinburgh, 1827. The Preface and Intro-
ductions are reprinted in the second volume of Car-
lyle's Collected Works : the Specimens translated from
Hoffmann and La Motte Fouque', have not been re-
printed.

"This," says Carlyle, in 1857, "was a Book of

* Curiously enough in the very numbers of the "London
Magazine" containing the later instalments of Carlyle's Life of
Schiller.

1827.] CRAIGENPUTTOCII. 23

Translations, not of my suggesting or desiring, but of
my executing as honest journey-work in defect of
better. The Pieces selected were the suitablest dis-
coverable on such terms : not quite of less than no
worth (I considered) any piece of them ; nor, alas, of
a very high worth any, except one only. Four of
these lots, or quotas to the adventure, Musaus's,
Tieck's, Richter's, Goethe's, will be given in the final
stage of this Series ; the rest we willingly leave, afloat
or stranded, as waste driftwood, to those whom they
may farther concern."

It was in 1826 that Mr. Carlyle married Miss
Welsh, the only child of Dr. John Welsh, of Had-
dington,* a lineal descendant of John Knox, and a
lady fitted in every way to be the wife of such a man.
For a short time after marriage he continued to reside
in Edinburgh, but during the following year he took
up his residence in his native county, alternately at
Comely Bank and Craigenputtoch — the latter a soli-
tary farmhouse on a small estate he had acquired

* The noted Welsh of Ayr was a lineal ancestor of Carlyle's
wife, and he now holds some property once actually belonging to
that worthy. He had once made all preparations for writing
Welsh's life, but gave up the project.

24 LIFE AT CRAIGENPUTTOCH. [1828.

through his wife, about fifteen miles from Dumfries,
and in one of the most secluded parts of the country.
Most of his letters to Goethe were written from this
place.

In one of the letters sent from Craigenputtoch to
Weimar, bearing the date of 25th September, 1828,
we have a charming picture of our author's seclusion
and retired literary life at this period : —

" You inquire with such warm interest respecting
our present abode and occupations, that I feel bound
to say a few words about both, while there is still
room left. Dumfries is a pleasant town, containing
about fifteen thousand inhabitants, and may be con-
sidered the centre of the trade and judicial system of
a district which possesses some importance in the
sphere of Scottish industry. Our residence is not in
the town itself, but fifteen miles to the north-west,
among the granite hills and the black morasses which
stretch westward through Galloway, almost to the
Irish Sea. In this wilderness of heath and rock, our
estate stands forth a green oasis, a tract of ploughed,
partly enclosed, and planted ground, where corn
ripens, and trees afford a shade, although surrounded
by sea-mews and rough-woolled sheep. Here, with no

1828.] LIFE AT CRAIGEXFUTTOCIL 25

small effort, have we built and furnished a neat, sub-
stantial dwelling ; here, in the absence of professorial
or other office, we live to cultivate literature according
to our strength, and in our own peculiar way. We
wish a joyful growth to the rose and flowers of our
garden ; we hope for health and peaceful thoughts to
further our aims. The roses, indeed, are still in part
to be planted, but they blossom already in anticipa-
tion. Two ponies, which carry us everywhere, and
the mountain air, are the best medicines for weak
nerves. This daily exercise — to which I am much
devoted — is my only recreation : for this nook of ours
is the loneliest in Britain — six miles removed from any
one likely to visit me. Here Rousseau would have
been as happy as on his island of St. Pierre. My
town friends, indeed, ascribe my sojourn here to a
similar disposition, and forbode me no good result.
But I came hither solely with the design to simplify
my way of life, and to secure the independence
through which I could be enabled to remain true to
myself. This bit of earth is our own ; here we can
live, write, and think, as best pleases ourselves, even
though Zoilus himself were to be crowned the monarch
of literature. Nor is the solitude of such great im>

26 GOETHE AND CARLYLB. [1830.

portance ; for a stage-coach takes us speedily to
Edinburgh, which we look upon as our British
Weimar. And have I not, too, at this moment piled
up upon the table of my little library a whole cart-
load of French, German, American, and English
journals and periodicals — whatever may be their
worth ? Of antiquarian studies, too, there is no lack.
From some of our heights I can descry, about a day's
journey to the west, the hill where Agricola and his
Romans left a camp behind them. At the foot of it
I was born, and there both father and mother still
live to love me. And so one must let time work."

The above letter was printed by Goethe himself, in
his Preface to a German translation of Carlyle's " Life
of Schiller," published at Frankfort in 1830. Other
pleasant records of the intercourse between them
exist in the shape of sundry graceful copies of verses
addressed by Goethe to Mrs. Carlyle, which will be
found in the collection of his poems.

Carlyle had now fairly started as an original writer.
From the lonely farm of Craigenputtoch went forth
the brilliant series of Essays published in the Edin-
burgh, Westminster, and Foreign Quarterly Re-
views, and in Fraser's Magazine, which were not

1S33-1 VISIT FROM EMERSON. 27

long in gaining for him a literary reputation in both
hemispheres. To this lonely farm came one day in
August, 1833, armed with a letter of introduction, a
visitor from the other side of the Atlantic : a young
American, then unknown to fame, by name Ralph
Waldo Emerson. The meeting of these two remark-
able men was thus described by the younger of them,
many years afterwards : —

" I came from Glasgow to Dumfries, and being in-
tent on delivering a letter which I had brought from
Rome, inquired for Craigenputtoch. It was a farm in
Nithsdale, in the parish of Dunscore, sixteen miles
distant. No public coach passed near it, so I took a
private carriage from the inn. I found the house
amid desolate heathery hills, where the lonely scholar
nourished his mighty heart. Carlyle was a man from
his youth, an author who did not need to hide from
his readers, and as absolute a man of the world, un-
known and exiled on that hill-farm, as if holding in
his own terms what is best in London. He was tall
and gaunt, with a cliff-like brow, self-possessed, and
holding his extraordinary powers of conversation in
easy command ; clinging to his northern accent with
evident relish; full of lively anecdote, and with a

28 VISIT FROM EMERSON. [1833.

streaming humour, which floated everything he looked
upon. His talk playfully exalting the familiar objects,
put the companion at once into an acquaintance with
his Lars and Lemurs, and it was very pleasant to learn
what was predestined to be a pretty mythology. Few
were the objects and lonely the man, ' not a person to
speak to within sixteen miles except the minister of
Dunscore ;' so that books inevitably made his topics.
"He had names of his own for all the matters fami-
liar to his discourse. ' Blackwood's ' was the ' sand
"magazine;' ' Fraser's ' nearer approach to possibility
of life was the ' mud magazine ;' a piece of road near
by that marked some failed enterprise was ' the grave
of the last sixpence.' When too much praise of any
genius annoyed him, he professed hugely to admire
the talent shewn by his pig. He had spent much time
and contrivance in confining the poor beast to one
enclosure in his pen, but pig, by great strokes of judg-
ment, had found out how to let .a board down, and
had foiled him. For all that, he still thought man
the most plastic little fellow in the planet, and he liked
Nero's death, ' Qualis artifex pereo ! ' better than most
history. He worships a man that will manifest any
truth to him. At one time he had inquired and read

r

1833.] VISIT FRO.lf EMERSON. 29

a good deal about America. Lander's principle was
mere rebellion, and that he feared was the American
principle. The best thing he knew of that country
was, that in it a man can have meat for his labour.
He had read in Stewart's book, that when he had
inquired in a New York hotel for the Boots, he had
been shown across the street, and had found Mungo
in his own house dining on roast turkey.

" We talked of books. Plato he does not read, and
he disparaged Socrates ; and, when pressed, persisted
in making Mirabeau a hero. Gibbon he called the
splendid bridge from the old world to the new. His
own reading had been multifarious. Tristram Shandy
was one of his first books after Robinson Crusoe, and
Robertson's America an early favourite. Rousseau's
Confessions had discovered to him that he was not a
dunce ; and it was now ten years since he had learned
German, by the advice of a man who told him he
would find in that language what he wanted.

" He took despairing or satirical views of literature
at this moment ; recounted the incredible sums paid
in one year by the great booksellers for puffing.
Hence it comes that no newspaper is trusted now, no

3o VISIT FROM EMERSON. [1833.

books are bought, and the booksellers are on the eve
of bankruptcy.

"Pie still returned to English pauperism, the
crowded country, the selfish abdication by public men
of all that public persons should perform. ' Govern-
ment should direct poor men what to do. Poor
Irish folk come wandering over these moors. My
dame makes it a rule to give to every son of Adam
bread to eat, and supplies his wants to the next house.
But here are thousands of acres which might give
them all meat, and nobody to bid these poor Irish
go to the moor and till it. They burned the stacks,
and so found a way to force the rich people to attend
to them.'

" We went out to walk over long hills, and looked
at Criffel, then without his cap, and down into Words-
worth's country. There we sat down, and talked of
the immortality of the soul. It was not Carlyle's fault
that we talked on that topic, for he had the natural
disinclination of every nimble spirit to bruise itself
against walls, and did not like to place himself where
no step can be taken. But he was honest and true,
and cognizant of the subtile links that bind ages to-
gether, and saw how every event affects all the future,

iSj4.] REMOVAL TO LONDOtf. 31

1 Christ died on the tree : that built Dunscore kirk
yonder : that brought you and me together. Time
has only a relative existence.'

" He was already turning his eyes towards London
with a scholar's appreciation. London is the heart of
the world, he said, wonderful only from the mass of
human beings. He liked the huge machine. Each
keeps its own round. The baker's boy brings muffins
to the window at a fixed hour every day, and that is
all the Londoner knows, or wishes to know, on the
subject. But it turned out good men. He named
certain individuals, especially one man of letters, his
friend, the best mind he knew, whom London had well
served."*

" Carlyle," says Emerson, " was already turning his
eyes towards London," and a few months after the in-
terview just described he did finally fix his residence
there, in a quiet street in Chelsea, leading down to the
river-side. Here, in an old-fashioned house, built in
the reign of Queen Anne, he has lived ever since.
Daniel Maclise, the distinguished artist, lives but a few
doors off, around the corner at No. 4, Cheyne Walk.

* " English Traits," by R. W. Emerson. First Visit to
England.

32 CARLYLE AND LEIGH HUNT. [1834.

The artist made a portrait-sketch of his neighbour for
"Eraser," in 1835.

With another man, of whom he now became the
neighbour — Leigh Hunt — he had already formed a
slight acquaintance, which soon ripened into a warm
friendship and affection on both sides, in spite of their
singular difference of temperament and character.

"It was on the 8th of February, 1832," says Mr.
Thornton Hunt, " that the writer of the essays named
' Characteristics' received, apparently from Mr. Leigh
Hunt, a volume entitled ' Christianism,' for which he
begged to express his thanks. By the 2oth of Feb-
ruary, Carlyle, then lodging in London, was inviting
Leigh Hunt to tea, as the means of their first meeting ;
and by the 2oth of November, Carlyle wrote from
Dumfries, urging Leigh Hunt to ' come hither and see
us when you want to rusticate a month. Is that for
ever impossible ?' The philosopher afterwards came
to live in the next street to his correspondent, in
Chelsea, and proved to be one of Leigh Hunt's kind-
est, most faithful, and most considerate friends."*

* From "The Correspondence of Leigh Hunt," edited by
his eldest son, London ; Smith, Elder and Co, 1862, Vol. I.,
p. 321-

I834-] CARLYLE AND LEIGH HUNT. 33

Mr. Home tells a story very characteristic of both
men. Soon after the publication of " Heroes and
Hero Worship," they were at a small party, when a
conversation was started between these two concerning
the heroism of man. " Leigh Hunt had said some-
thing about the islands of the blest, or El Dorado, or
the Millennium, and was flowing on his bright and
hopeful way, when Carlyle dropped some heavy
tree-trunk across Hunt's pleasant stream, and banked
it up with philosophical doubts and objections at every
interval of the speaker's joyous progress. But the un-
mitigated Hunt never ceased his overflowing anticipa-
tions, nor the saturnine Carlyle his infinite demurs to
those finite flourishings. The listeners laughed and
applauded by turns ; and had now fairly pitted them
against each other, as the philosopher of hopefulness
and of the unhopeful. The contest continued with
all that ready wit and philosophy, that mixture of
pleasantry and profundity, that extensive knowledge
of books and character, with their ready application
in argument or illustration, and that perfect ease and
good nature which distinguish both of these men.
The opponents were so well matched that it was quite
clear the contest would never come to an end, But

34 CARLYLE AND LEIGH HUNT. [1840,

the night was far advanced, and the party broke up.
They all sallied forth, and leaving the close room, the
candles and the arguments behind them, suddenly
found themselves in presence of a most brilliant star-
light night. They all looked up. 'Now,' thought
Hunt, ' Carlyle's done for ! he can have no answer to
that !' ' There,' shouted Hunt, ' look up there, look
at that glorious harmony, that sings with infinite voices
an eternal song of Hope in the soul of man/ Carlyle
looked up. They all remained silent to hear what he
would say. They began to think he was silenced at
last — he was a mortal man. But out of that silence
came a few low-toned words, in a broad Scotch accent.
And who on earth could have anticipated what the
voice said ? * Eh ! it's a sad sight !' Hunt sat down
on a stone step. They all laughed — then looked very
thoughtful. Had the finite measured itself with in-
finity, instead of surrendering itself up to the in-
fluence ? Again they laughed — then bade each other
good night, and betook themselves homeward with
slow and serious pace."*

In 1840 Leigh Hunt left Chelsea, and went to live

* "A New Spirit of (he Age," by R. H. Home. London,
1844. Vol. I. p. 278.

1847.] OPINION OF LEIGH HUNT. 35

at Kensington, but Carlyle never altogether lost sight
of him, and on several occasions was able to do him
very serviceable acts of kindness ; as, for instance, in
writing certain memoranda concerning him with the
view of procuring from Government a small provision
for Leigh Hunt's declining years, which we may as
well give in this place : —

MEMORANDA

CONCERNING MR. LEIGH HUNT.

" i. That Mr. Hunt is a man of the most inclis-
putedly superior worth ; a Man of Genius in a very
strict sense of that word, and in all the senses which
it bears or implies ; of brilliant varied gifts, of grace-
ful fertility, of clearness, lovingness, truthfulness ; of
childlike open character; also of most pure and even
exemplary private deportment; a man who can be
other than loved only by those who have not seen him,
or seen him from a distance through a false medium.

t: 2. That, well seen into, he has done much for
the world ; — as every man possessed of such qualities,
and freely speaking them forth in the abundance of
his heart for thirty years long, must needs do : how

2

36 OPINION OF LEIGH HUNT. [1847.

much, they that could judge best would perhaps esti-
mate highest.

" 3. That, for one thing, his services in the cause
of reform, as Founder and long as Editor of the
' Examiner ' newspaper ; as Poet, Essayist, Public
Teacher in all ways open to him, are great and evi-
dent : few now living in this kingdom, perhaps, could
boast of greater.

"4. That his sufferings in that same cause have
also been great ; legal prosecution and penalty (not
dishonourable to him ; nay, honourable, were the
whole truth known, as it will one day be) : unlegal
obloquy and calumny through the Tory Press ; — per-
haps a greater quantity of baseness, persevering, im-
placable calumny, than any other living writer has
undergone. Which long course of hostility (nearly
the cruellest conceivable, had'it not been carried on
in half, or almost total misconception) may be regarded
as the beginning of his other worst distresses, and a
main ca^ise of them, down to this day.

" 5. That he is heavily laden with domestic bur-
dens, more heavily than most men, and his economi-
cal resources are gone from him. For the last twelve
years he has toiled continually, with passionate dili-

1847.] OPINION OF LEIGH HUNT. 37

gence, with the cheerfullest spirit ; refusing no task •
yet hardly able with all this to provide for the day
that was passing over him ; and now, after some two
years of incessant effort in a new enterprise ('The
London Journal ') that seemed of good promise, it
also has suddenly broken down, and he remains in
ill health, age creeping on him, without employment,
means, or outlook, in a situation of the painfullest
sort Neither do his distresses, nor did they at any
time, arise from wastefulness, or the like, on his own
part (he is a man of humble wishes, and can live with
dignity on little) ; but from crosses of what is called
Fortune, from injustice of other men, from inexpe-
rience of his own, and a guileless trustfulness of na-
ture, the thing and things that have made him
unsuccessful make him in reality more loveable, and
plead for him in the minds of the candid.

" 6. That such a man is rare in a Nation, and of
high value there; not to be procured for a whole
Nation's revenue, or recovered when taken from us,
and some ^"200 a year is the price which this one,
whom we now have, is valued at : with that sum he
were lifted above his perplexities, perhaps saved from
nameless wretchedness ! It is believed that, in hardly

$8 OPINION OP LEIGH HUNT. [1847.

any other way could ^200. abolish as much suffering,
create as much benefit, to one man, and through him
to many and all.

" Were these things set fitly before an English Min-
ister, in whom great part of England recognises (with
surprise at such a novelty) a man of insight, fidelity
and decision, is it not probable or possible that he,
though from a quite opposite point of view, might see
them in somewhat of a similar light ; and, so seeing,
determine to do in consequence ? Ut fiat !

"T. C."

" Some years later," says a writer in " Macmillan's
Magazine,"* "in the 'mellow evening' of a life that
had been so stormy, Mr. Leigh Hunt himself told the
story of his struggles, his victories, and his defeats,
with so singularly graceful a frankness, that the most
supercilious of critics could not but acknowledge that
here was an autobiographer whom it was possible to
like. Here is Mr. Carlyle's estimate of Hunt's Auto-
biography : —

* July, 1862.

I8SOJ LEIGU HUNT^S AUTOBIOGRAPHY. 39

"Chelsea, June 17, 1850.
"DEAR HUNT,

" I have just finished your Autobiography,
which has been most pleasantly occupying all my
leisure these three days ; and you must permit me to
write you a word upon it, out of the fulness of the
heart, while the impulse is still fresh to thank you.
This good book, in every sense one of the best I
have read this long while, has awakened many old
thoughts which never were extinct, or even properly
asleep, but which (like so much else) have had to fall
silent amid the tempests of an evil time — Heaven
mend it ! A word from me once more, I know,
will not be unwelcome, while the world is talking of
you.

" Well, I call this an excellent good book, by far
the best of the autobiographic kind I remember to
have read in the English language ; and indeed, ex-
cept it be Bos well's of Johnson, I do not know where
we have such a picture drawn of a human life, as in
these three volumes.

" A pious, ingenious, altogether human and worthy
book; imaging, with graceful honesty and free feli-

40 LEIGH HUNFS AUTOBIOGRAPHY. [1850.

city, many interesting objects and persons on your
life-path, and imaging throughout, what is best of all,
a gifted, gentle, patient, and valiant human soul, as
it buffets its way through the billows of time, and will
not drown though often in danger ; cannot be drowned,
but conquers and leaves a track of radiance behind
it : that, I think, comes out more clearly to me than^
in any other of your books ; — and that, I can venture
to assure you, is the best of all results to readers in a
book of written record. In fact, this book has been
like a written exercise of devotion to me ; I have not
assisted at any sermon, liturgy or litany, this long
while, that has had so religious an effect on me.
Thanks in the name of ail men. And believe, along
with me, that this book will be welcome to other
generations as well as ours. And long may you live
to write more books for us ; and may the evening sun
be softer on you (and on me) than the noon some-
times was !

"Adieu, dear Hunt (you must let me use this
familiarity, for I am now an old fellow too, as well as
you). I have often thought of coming up to see you
once more ; and perhaps I shall, one of these days
(though there are such lions in the path, go whither-

1850.] CARLYLPS PARAMOUNT HUMANITY. 41

ward one may) : but, whether I do or not, believe for
ever in my regard. And so, God bless you,

" Prays heartily,

"T. CARLYLE."

On the other hand Leigh Hunt had an enthusiastic
reverence for Carlyle. There are several incidental
allusions to the latter, of more or less consequence,
in Hunt's Autobiography, but the following is the
most interesting : —

" Carlyle 's Paramount Humanity. — I believe that
what Mr. Carlyle loves better than his fault-finding,
with all its eloquence, is the face of any human crea-
ture that looks suffering, and loving, and sincere ; and
I believe further, that if the fellow- creature were suf-
fering only, and neither loving nor sincere, but had
come to a pass of agony in this life which put him at
the mercies of some good man for some last help
and consolation towards his grave, even at the risk
of loss to repute, and a sure amount of pain and
vexation, that man, if the groan reached him in its
forlornness, would be Thomas Carlyle." *

* " Autobiography of Leigh Hunt, with Reminiscences of
Friends and Contemporaries." (LoRcl. 1850.) Vol. III.

42 "SAR7VR RESARTUS." [1834.

It was in " Leigh Hunt's Journal," — a short-lived
Vvreekly Miscellany (1850—1851) — that Carlyle's
sketch, entitled " Two Hundred and Fifty Years
Ago,"* first appeared.

It was during his • residence in his Dumfries home
that " Sartor Resartus " (" The Tailor Done Over," the
name of an old Scotch ballad) was composed, which,
after being rejected by several publishers, finally made
its appearance in "Fraser's Magazine," 1833 — 34.
The book — a five years' labour — might well have
puzzled the critical gentlemen — the " book-tasters "-
who decide for publishers what work to print among
those submitted in manuscript. It is a sort of philo-
sophical romance, in which the author undertakes to
give, in the form of a review of a German work on
dress, and in a notice of the life of the writer, his
own opinions upon matters and things in general.
The hero, Professor Teufelsdroeckh ("Devil's Dirt"),
seems to be intended for a portrait of human nature
as affected by the moral influence to which a CIL.!

* " Two Hundred and Fifty Years Ago. From a waste
paper bag of T. Carl vie." Reprinted in Carlyle's Miscellanies,
Ed. 1857.

1837.] " SARTOR RESARTUS" 43

vated mind would be exposed by the transcendental
philosophy of Fichte. Mr. Carlyle works out his
theory — the clothes philosophy — and finds the world
false and hollow, our institutions mere worn-out rags
or disguises, and that our only safety lies in flying
from falsehood to truth, and becoming in harmony
with the " divine idea." There is much fanciful, gro-
tesque description in " Sartor," with deep thought and
beautiful imagery.

With the publication of these papers in book form,
" reprinted for friends," the next period in Mr. Car-
lyle's literary life may be said to begin.

" Sartor " found but few admirers ; those readers,
however, were firm and enthusiastic in their applause.
In 1838 the "Sartor Resartus " papers, already re-
published in the United States, were issued in a
collected form here; and in the same year his various
scattered articles in periodicals, after having similarly
received the honour of republication in America, were
published here in five volumes, the articles being
arranged in chronological order from 1827 to 1837,
under the title of " Miscellanies."

It was in the spring of 1837 that our author's great
historical work appeared, " The French Revolution :- -

44 MOORE AND CARLYLE. [1838.

Vol. I., The Bastile; Vol. II., The Constitution; Vol.
III., The Guillotine." The publication of this work
produced a profound impression on the public mind.
A history abounding in vivid and graphic descriptions,
it was at the same time a gorgeous prose epic. It is by
far the ablest of all the author's works, and indeed is
one of the most remarkable books of the age. There
is no account of the French Revolution that can be
compared with this for intensity of feeling and pro-
foundness of thought.

A great deal of information respecting Carlyle's
manner of living and personal history during these
earlier years in London may be gleaned incidentally
from his " Life of John Sterling," a book, which, from
the nature of it, is necessarily partly autobiographi-
cal.

Thomas Moore and others met him sometimes in
London society at this time. Moore thus briefly
chronicles a breakfast at Lord Houghton's, at which
Carlyle was present : —

"22nd May, 1838.— Breakfasted at Milnes', and
met rather a remarkable party, consisting of Savage,
Landor, and Carlyle (neither of whom I had ever
seen before), Robinson, Rogers, and Rice. A good

1835.] INVITATION TO AMERICA. 45

deal of conversation between Robinson and Carlyle
about German authors, of whom I knew nothing, nor
(from what they paraded of them) felt that I had lost
much by my ignorance."*

In 1835, after the publication of "Sartor Resartus,"
he received an invitation from several American ad-
mirers of his -writings, to visit their country, and he
contemplated doing so, but his labours in examining
and collecting material for his great work on " The
French Revolution," then hastening towards comple-
tion, prevented him.

We may say that, for many reasons, it is regrettable
that this design was never carried into execution.
Had Carlyle witnessed with his own eyes the ad-
mirable working of democratic institutions in the
United States, he might have done more justice to
our Transatlantic brethren, who were always his first
and foremost admirers, and he might also have ac-
quired more faith in the future destinies of his own
countrymen.

In December, 1837, Carlyle wrote a very remark-
able letter to a correspondent in India, which has

* Diary of Thomas Moore, (Lond, 1856.) vii., 224.

46 LETTER TO COLONEL RICHARDSON. [1837.

never been printed in his works, and which we are
enabled to give here entire. It is addressed to Colo-
nel David Lester Richardson, in acknowledgment of
his " Literary Leaves, or Prose and Verse," published
at Calcutta in 1836. These " Literary Leaves " con-
tain among other things an article on the Italian
opera (taking much the same view of it as Carlyle
does), and a sketch of Edward Irving. These papers
no doubt pleased Carlyle, and perhaps led him to en-
tertain a rather exaggeratedly high opinion of the rest
of the book.

THOMAS CARLYLE TO DAVID LESTER RICHARDSON.

" 5, Cheyne Row, Chelsea, London,

" igtk December, 1837.

" My DEAR SIR,

" Your courteous gift, with the letter accom-
panying it, reached me only about a week ago, though
dated 2oth of June, almost at the opposite point of
the year. Whether there has been undue delay or
not is unknown to me, but at any rate on my side
there ought to be no delay.

" I have read your volume — what little of it was

1837-] LETTER TO COLONEL RICHARDSON. 47

known to me before, and the much that was not
known — I can say, with true pleasure. It is written,
as few volumes in these days are, with fidelity, with
successful care, with insight and conviction as to
matter, with clearness and graceful precision as to
manner : in a word, it is the impress of a mind stored
\vith elegant accomplishments, gifted with an eye to
see, and a heart to understand ; a welcome, altogether
recommendable book. More than once I have said
to myself and others, How many parlour firesides are
there this winter in England, at which this volume,
could one give credible announcement of its quality,
would be right pleasant company? There are very
many, could one give the announcement : but no such
announcement can be given; therefore the parlour

firesides must even put up with or what other

stuff chance shovels in their way, and read, though
with malediction all the time. It is a great pity, but
no man can help it. We are now arrived seemingly
pretty near the point when all criticism and proclama-
tion in matters literary has degenerated into an inane
jargon, incredible, unintelligible, inarticulate as the
cawing of choughs and rooks j and many things in that
as in other provinces, are iu a state of painful and

48 LETTER TO COLONEL RICHARDSON. [1837.

rapid transition. A good book has no way of recom-
mending itself except slowly and as it were accident-
ally from hand to hand. The man that wrote it must
abide his time. He needs, as indeed all men do, the
faith that this world is built not on falsehood and
jargon but on truth and reason; that no good thing,
done by any creature of God was, is, or ever can be
lost, but will verily do the service appointed for it, and
be found among the general sum-total and all of things
after long times, nay after all time, and through
eternity itself. Let him 'cast his bread upon the
waters,' therefore, cheerful of heart ; ' he will find it
after many days.'

" I know not why I write all this to you ; it comes
very spontaneously from me. Let it be your satis-
faction, the highest a man can have in this world,
that the talent entrusted to you did not lie useless,
but was turned to account, and proved itself to be
a talent; and the 'publishing world' can receive it
altogether according to their own pleasure, raise it high
on the housetops, or trample it low into the street-
kennels ; that is not the question at all, the thing
remains precisely what it was after never such raising
and never such depressing and trampling, there is

1837.] LETTER TO COLONEL RICHARDSON. 49

no change whatever in it. I bid you go on, and
prosper.

" One thing grieves me : the tone of sadness, I
might say of settled melancholy that runs through all
your utterances of yourself. It is not right, it is
wrong; and yet how shall I reprove you? If you
knew me, you would triumphantly* for any spiritual
endowment bestowed on a man, that it is accompanied,
or one might say preceded as the first origin of it,
always by a delicacy of organisation which in a world
like ours is sure to have itself manifoldly afflicted,
tormented, darkened down into sorrow and disease.
You feel yourself an exile, in the East; but in the
West too it is exile ; I know not where under the
sun it is not exile. Here in the Fog-Babylon, amid
mud and smoke, in the infinite din of ' vociferous
platitude,' and quack outbellowing quack, with truth
and pity on all hands ground under the wheels, can one
call it a home, or a world ? It is a waste chaos, where
we have to swim painfully for our life. The utmost
a man can do is to swim there like a man, and hold
his peace. For this seems to me a great truth, in any

* There seems to be a word omitted here by a slip of the
pen.

50 LETTER TO COLONEL RICHARDSON. [1837.

exile or chaos whatsoever, that sorrow was not given
us for sorrow's sake, but always and infallibly as a
lesson to us from which we are to learn somewhat :
and which, the somewhat once learned, ceases to
be sorrow. I do believe this ; and study in general to
' consume my own smoke,' not indeed without very
ugly out-puffs at times ! Allan Cunningham is the
best, he tells me that always as one grows older, one
grows happier : a thing also which I really can believe.
But as for you,, my dear sir, you have other work to
do in the East than grieve. Are there not beautiful
things there, glorious things ; wanting only an eye to
note them, a hand to record them ? If I had the
command over you, I would say, read Paul et Virginie,
then read the Chaumiere Indicnne ; gird yourself
together for a right effort, and go and do likewise or
better ! I mean what I say. The East has its own
phases, there are things there which the West yet
knows not of; and one heaven covers both. He
that has an eye let him look !

" I hope you forgive me this style I have got into. It
seems to me on reading your book as if we had been
long acquainted in some measure; as if one might
speak to you right from the heart. I hope we shall

1837.] CA&LYL&S LECTURES. 51

meet some day or other. I send you my constant
respect and good wishes ; and am and remain,
" Yours very truly always,
«T. CARLYLE."

Carlyle first appeared as % lecturer in 1837. His
first course was on ' German Literature/ at Willis's
Rooms ; a series of six lectures^ of which the first was
thus noticed in the Spectator of Saturday, May 6, 1837*

" Mr. Tliomas Carlytts Lectures.

" Mr. Carlyle delivered the first of a course of
lectures -on German Literature, at Willis's Rooms, on
Tuesday, to a very crowded and yet a select audience
of both sexes. Mr. Carlyle may be deficient in the
mere mechanism of oratory ; but this minor defect is
far more than counterbalanced by his perfect mastery
of his subject, the originality of hisjnanner^the per-
spicuity of his language, his simple but genuine
eloquence, and his vigorous grasp of ajarge and
difficult question. No person of taste or judgment
could hear him without feeling that the lecturer is

* Facsimiled in "The Autographic Mirror," July, 1865.

3

52 CARLYLE^S LECTURES. [1840.

a J^yrfja^ip* deeply imbued \yith his great argu:
ment."

"This course of lectures," says a writer already
quoted, " was well attended by the fashionables of the
West End ; and though they saw in his manner some-,
thing exceedingly awkward, they could not fail to
discern in his matter the impress of a mind of great
originality and superior gifts."*

The following year he delivered a second course
on the 'History of Literature, or the Successive
Periods of European Culture,' at the Literary Insti-
tution in Edwards-street, Portman-square. ' The
Revolutions of Modern Europe' was the title given
to the third course, delivered twelve months
later. The fourth and last series, of six lectures, is
the best remembered, ' Heroes and Hero-worship.'
This course alone was published, and it became
more immediately popular than any of the works
which had preceded it. Concerning these lec-
tures, Leigh Hunt remarked that it seemed " as
if some Puritan had come to life again, liberalized
by German philosophy and his own intense reflec-

* JAMES GRANT: "Portraits of 'Public Characters." (Lond.
1841.) Vol. ii., p. 152.

1840.] CARLYLE'S LECTURES. 53

tions and experience." Another critic, a Scotch
writer, could see nothing but wild impracticability
in them, and exclaimed, " Can any living man point
to a single practical passage in any of these lec-
tures ? If not, what is the real value of Mr. Carlyle's
teachings? What is Mr. Carlyle himself but a
phantasm 1"

The vein of Puritanism running through his writings,
composed upon the model of the German school,
impressed many critics with the belief that their
author, although full of fire and energy, was per-
plexed and embarrassed with his own speculations.
Concerning this Puritan element in his reflections,
Mr. James Hannay remarks, "That earnestness, that
grim humour — that queer, half-sarcastic, half-sympa-
thetic fun — is quite Scotch. It appears in Knox
and Buchanan, and it appears in Burns. I was not
surprised when a school-fellow of Carlyle's told me
that his favouiite poem was, when a boy, ' Death and
Doctor ornbook.' And if I were asked to explain
this originality, I should say that he was a covenanter
coming in the wake of the eighteenth century and the
transcendental philosophy. He has gone into the
hills against 'shams,' as they did against Prelacy,

54 A FLUNKEY VIEW OF CARLYLE. [1840.

Erastianism, and so forth. But he lives in a quieter
age, and in a literary position. So he can give play to
the 'humour which existed in them as well, and lie
overflows with a range of reading and speculation to
which they were necessarily strangers."

* Chartism,' published in 1839, and which, to use
the words of a critic of the time, was the publication
in which "he first broke ground on the Condition
of England question," appeared a short time before
the lectures on ' Heroes and Hero-worship ' were
delivered. If we remember rightly, Mr. Carlyle gave
forth " those grand utterances " extemporaneously
and without an abstract, notes, or a reminder of
any kind — utterances not beautiful to the flunkey-
mind, or valet-soul, occupied mainly with the fold of
the hero's necktie, and the cut of his coat. Flunkey-
dom, by one of its mouthpieces, thus speaks of
them : —

" Perhaps his course for the present year, which
was on Hero-worship, was better attended than any
previous one. Some of those who were present
estimated the average attendance at three hundred.
They chiefly consisted of persons of rank and wealth,
as the number of carriages which each day waited the

1840.] A FLUNKEY VIEW OF CARLYLE. 55

conclusion of the lecture to receive Mr. Carlylc's
auditors, and to carry them to their homes, conclu-
sively testified. The locality of Mr. Carlyle's lectures
has, I believe, varied every year. The Hanover
Rooms, Willis's Rooms, and a place in the north of
London, the name of which I forget, have severally
been chosen as the place whence to give utterance to
his profound and original trains of thought.

"A few words will be expected here as to Mr.
Carlyle's manner as a lecturer. In so far as his mere
manner is concerned, I can scarcely bestow on him a
word of commendation. There is something in his
manner which, if I may use a rather quaint term, must
seem very uncouth to London audiences of the most
respectable class, accustomed as they are to the polished
deportment* which is usually exhibited in Willis* s or the
Hanover Rooms. When he enters the room, and pro-
ceeds to the sort of rostrum whence he delivers his
lectures, he is, according to the usual practice in such
cases, generally received with applause j but he very
rarely takes any more notice of the mark of approba-
tion thus bestowed upon him, than if he were alto-
gether unconscious of it. And the same seeming want
* Shade of Mr. Turveydrop senior, hear this man I

56 CARLYLE AS A LECTURER. [1840.

of respect for his audience, or, at any rate, the same
disregard for what I believe he considers the trouble-
some forms of politeness, is visible at the commence-
ment of his lecture. Having ascended his desk, he
gives a hearty rub to his hands, and plunges at once
into his subject. He reads very closely, which, in-
deed, must be expected, considering the nature of the
topics which he undertakes to discuss. He is not
prodigal of gesture with his arms or body ; but there
is something in his eye and countenance which indi-
cates great earnestness of purpose, and the most in-
tense interest in his subject. You can almost fancy,
in some of his more enthusiastic and energetic moments,
that you see his inmost soul in his face. At times, in-
deed very often, he so unnaturally distorts his features,
as to give to his countenance a very unpleasant ex-
pression. On such occasions, you would imagine that
he was suddenly seized with some violent paroxysms
of pain. He is one of the most ungraceful speakers 1
have ever heard address a public assemblage of persons.
In addition to the awkwardness of his general manner,
he 'makes mouths,' which would of themselves be
sufficient to mar the agreeableness of his delivery.
And his manner of speaking, and the ungracefulness.

1840.] AS A PUBLIC SPEAKER. 57

of his gesticulation, are greatly aggravated by his
strong Scotch accent Even to the generality of
Scotchmen his pronunciation is harsh in no ordinary
degree. Need I say, then, what it must be to an
English ear ?

" I was present some months ago, during the de-
livery of a speech by Mr. Carlyle at a meeting held
in the Freemasons' Tavern, for the purpose of forming
a metropolitan library ; and though that speech did
not occupy in its delivery more than five minutes, he
made use of some of the most extraordinary phraseo-
logy I ever heard employed by a human being. He
made use of the expression ' this London,' which he
pronounced ' this Loondun,' four or five times — a
phrase which grated grievously on the ears even
of those of Mr. Carlyle's own countrymen who
were present, and which must have sounded doubly
harsh in the ears of an Englishman, considering
the singularly broad Scotch accent with which he
spoke.

" A good deal of uncertainty exists as to Mr.
Carlyle's religious opinions. I have heard him repre-
sented as a firm and entire believer in revelation, and

58 PREFACE TO EMERSON'S ESSAYS. [1841.

I have heard it affirmed with equal confidence that he
is a decided Deist. My own impression is," &c.*

In 1841 Carlyle superintended the publication of
the English edition of his friend Emerson's Essays.t
to which he prefixed a characteristic Preface of some
length. -»

" The name of Ralph Waldo Emerson," he writes,
" is not entirely new in England : distinguished tra-
vellers bring us tidings of such a man ; fractions of
his writings have found their way into the hands of the
curious here ; fitful hints that there is, in New Eng-
land, some spiritual notability called Emerson, glide
through Reviews and Magazines. Whether these hints
were true or not true, readers are now to judge for
themselves a little better.

" Emerson's writings and speakings amount to some-
thing : and yet hitherto, as seems to me, this Emerson
is perhaps far less notable for what he has spoken or

* "Portraits of Public Characters," by the author of
"Random Recollections of the Lords and Commons." Vol.
ii. pp. 152—158.

t Essays : by R. W. Emerson, of Concord, Massachusetts.
With Preface by Thomas Carlyle. London : James Eraser.
1841.

1843.] PREFACE TO EMERSOX'S ESSAYS. 59

done, than for the many things he has not spoken and
has forborne to do. With uncommon interest I have
learned that this, and in such a never-resting, locomo-
tive country too, is one of those rare men who have
withal the invaluable talent of sitting still ! That an
educated man, of good gifts and opportunities, after
looking at the public arena, and even trying, not with
ill success, what its tasks and its prizes might amount
to, should retire for long years into rustic obscurity ;
and, amid the all-pervading jingle of dollars and loud
chaffering of ambitions and promotions, should quietly,
with cheerful deliberateness, sit down to spend his life
not in Mammon-worship, or the hunt for reputation,
influence, place, or any outward advantage whatso-
ever : this, when we get a notice of it, is a thing really
worth noting."

In 1843, "Past and Present" appeared — a work
without the wild power which " Sartor Resartus" pos-
sessed over the feelings of the reader, but containing
passages which look the same way, and breathe the
same spirit. The book contrasts, in a historico-
philosophical spirit, English society in the Middle
Ages, with English society in our own day. In both
this and the preceding work the great measures ad-

60 ADVICE TO A YOUNG MAN. [1843.

vised for the amelioration of the people are education
and emigration.

Another very admirable letter, addressed by Mr.
Carlyle in 1843 to a young man who had written to
him desiring his advice as to a proper choice of
reading, and, it would appear also, as to his conduct
in general, we shall here bring forth from its hiding-
place in an old Scottish newspaper of a quarter of a
century ago : —

" DEAR SIR,

" SOME time ago your letter was delivered
me ; I take literally the first free half-hour I have had
since to write you a word of answer.

"It would give me true satisfaction could any
advice of mine contribute to forward you in your
honourable course of self-improvement, but a long ex-
perience has taught me that advice can profit but
little ; that there is a good reason why advice is so
seldom followed ; this reason namely, that it so seldom,
and can almost never be, rightly given. No man
knows the state of another ; it is always to some more
or less imaginary man that the wisest and most honest
adviser is speaking.

I843-] ADVICE TO A YOUNG MAN. 61

" As to the books which you — whom I know so
little of— should read, there is hardly anything definite
that can be said. For one thing, you may.be strenu-
ously advised to keep reading. Any good book, any
book that is wiser than yourself, will teach you some-
thing— a great many things, indirectly and directly, if
your mind be open to learn. This old counsel of
Johnson's is also good, and universally applicable : —
' Read the book you do honestly feel a wish and
curiosity to read.' The very wish and curiosity indi-
cates that you, then and there, are the person likely to
get good of it. ' Our wishes are presentiments of our
capabilities ;' that is a noble saying, of deep en-
couragement to all true men ; applicable to our wishes
and efforts in regard to reading as to other things.
Among all the objects that look wonderful or beautiful
to you, follow with fresh hope the one which looks
wonderfullest, beautifullest. You will gradually find,
by various trials (which trials see that you make
honest, manful ones, not silly, short, fitful ones), what
is for you the wonderfullest, beautifullest — what is
your true element and province, and be able to profit
by that. True desire, the monition of nature, is much
to be attended to. But here, also, you are to dis-

62 ADVICE TO A YOUNG MAN. [1843.

criminate carefully between true desire and false. The
medical men tell us we should eat what we truly have
an appetite for ; but what we only falsely have an
appetite for we should resolutely avoid. It is very
true; and flimsy, desultory readers, who fly from
foolish book to foolish book, and get good of none,
and mischief of all — are not these as foolish, un-
healthy eaters, who mistake their superficial false
desire after spiceries and confectioneries for their real
appetite, of which even they are not destitute, though
it lies far deeper, far quieter, after solid nutritive food ?
With these illustrations, I will recommend Johnson's
advice to you.

"Another thing, and only one other, I will say. All
books are properly the record of the history of past
men — what thoughts past men had in them — what
actions past men did : the summary of all books
whatsoever lies there. It is on this ground that the
class of books specifically named History can be
safely recommended as the basis of all study of books
— the preliminary to all right and full understanding
of anything we can expect to find in books. Past
history, and especially the past history of one's own
native country, everybody may be advised to begin

i $43-1 ADVICE TO A YOUXG MAN. 63

with that. Let him study that faithfully; innumerable
inquiries will branch out from it; he has a broad-
beaten highway, from which all the country is more or
less visible ; there travelling, let him choose where he
will dwell.

"Neither let mistakes and wrong directions — of
which every man, in his studies and elsewhere, falls
into many — discourage you. There is precious in-
struction to be got by finding that we are wrong. Let
a man try faithfully, manfully, to be right, he will grow
daily more and more right. It is, at bottom, the con-
dition which all men have to cultivate themselves.
Our very walking is an incessant falling — a falling and
a catching of ourselves before we come actually to
the pavement ! — it is emblematic of all things a man
does.

" In conclusion, I will remind you that it is not
books alone, or by books chiefly, that a man becomes
in all points a man. Study to do faithfully whatsoever
thing in your actual situation, there and now, you find
either expressly or tacitly, laid to your charge ; that is
your post ; stand in it like a true soldier. Silently
devour the many chagrins of it, as all human situations
have many ; and see you aim not to quit it without

64 MAZZINI ON CARLYLE. [1843.

doing all that it, at least, icquired of you. A man
perfects himself by work much more than by reading.
They are a growing kind of IF ?n that can wisely com-
bine the two things — wisely, valiantly, can do what is
laid to their hand in their present sphere, and prepare
themselves withal for doing other wider things, if such
lie before them.

" With many good wishes and encouragements, I
remain, yours sincerely,

" THOMAS CARLYLE.

"Chelsea, 1 3th March, 1843."

The publication of " Past and Present " elicited a
paper " On the Genius and Tendency of the Writings
of Thomas Carlyle," from Mazzini, which appeared in
the "British and Foreign Review," of October, 1843.*
It is a candid and thoughtful piece of criticism, in
which the writer, while striving to do justice to
Carlyle's genius, protests strongly and uncompromis-
ingly against the tendency of his teaching.

Some months afterwards, when the House of Com-
mons was occupied with the illegal opening of

* Reprinted in the "Life and Writings of Joseph Mazzini."
(London, 1867). Vol. iv. pp. 56 — 144.

I $44-] CARLYLE ON MAZZIXL 65

Mazzini's letters, Carlyle spontaneously stepped for-
ward and paid the following tribute to his cha-
racter ; —

"TO THE EDITOR OF THE ' TIMES.'

" SIR,—

" IN your observations in yesterday's Times on
the late disgraceful affair of Mr. Mazzini's letters and
the Secretary of State, you mention that Mr. Mazzini
is entirely unknown to you, entirely indifferent to you ;
and add, very justly, that if he were the most con-
temptible of mankind, it would not affect your argu-
ment on the subject*

"It may tend to throw farther light on this matter
if I now certify you, which I in some sort feel called
upon to do, that Mr. Mazzini is not unknown to va-
rious competent persons in this country ; and that he

* " Mr. Mazzini's character and habits and society are nothing
to the point, unless connected with some certain or probable evi-
dence of evil intentions or treasonable plots. We know nothing,
and care nothing about him. He may be the most worthless
and the most vicious creature in the world ; but this is no reason
of itself why his letters should be detained and opened." —
Times' leading article, June 17, 1844.

66 CARLYLE ON MAZZINI. [1844.

is very far indeed from being contemptible — none
farther, or very few of living men. I have had the
honour to know Mr. Mazzini for a series of years ;
and, whatever I may think of his practical insight and
skill in worldly affairs, I can with great freedom testify
to all men that he, if I have ever seen one such, is a
man of genius and virtue, a man of sterling veracity,
humanity, and nobleness of mind ; one of those rare
men, numerable unfortunately but as units in this
world, who are worthy to be called rnartyr-souls ; who,
in silence, piously in their daily life, understand and
practise what is meant by that.

" Of Italian democracies and young Italy's sorrows,
of extraneous Austrian Emperors in Milan, or poor
old chimerical Popes in Bologna, I know nothing, and
desire to know nothing; but this other thing I do
know, and can here declare publicly to be a fact,
which fact all of us that have occasion to comment on
Mr. Mazzini and his affairs may do well to take along
with us, as a thing leading towards new clearness, and
not towards new additional darkness, regarding him
and them.

"Whether the extraneous Austrian Emperor and
miserable old chimera of a Pope shall maintain them-

1844.] CARL YLE 0,V MAZZLVI. 67

selves in Italy, or be obliged to decamp from Italy, is
not a question in the least vital to Englishmen. But
it is a question vital to us that sealed letters in an En-
glish post-office be, as we all fancied they were,
respected as things sacred; that opening of men's
letters, a practice near of kin to picking men's pockets,
and to other still viler and far fataler forms of scoun-
drelism. be not resorted to in England, except in cases
of the very last extremity. When some new gun-
powder plot may be in the wind, some double-
dyed high treason, or imminent national wreck not
avoidable otherwise, then let us open letters— not
till then.

"To all Austrian Kaisers and such like, in their
time of trouble, let us answer, as our fathers from of
old have answered : —Not by such means is help here
for you. Such means, allied to picking of pockets
and viler forms of scoundrelism, are not permitted in
this country for your behoof. The right hon. Secre-
tary does himself detest such, and even is afraid to
employ them. He dare not : it would be dangerous
for him ! All British men that might chance to come
in view of such a transaction, would incline to spurn

4

68 DEA TH OF JOHN STERLING. [1844.

it, and trample on it, and indignantly ask him what he
meant by it ?

" I am, Sir, your obedient servant,

"THOMAS CARLYLE,*

"Chelsea, June 18."

The autumn of this year was saddened for Carlyle
by the loss of the dear friend whose biography he
afterwards wrote. On the i8th of September, 1844 —
after a short career of melancholy promise, only half
fulfilled — John Sterling died, in his thirty-ninth
year.

The next work that appeared from his pen — a
special service to history, and to the memory of one
of England's greatest men — was " Oliver Cromwell's
Letters and Speeches, with Elucidations and a Con-
necting Narrative," two volumes, published in 1845.
If there were any doubt remaining after the publica-
tion of the " French Revolution" what position our
author might occupy amongst the historians of the age,
it was fully removed on the appearance of " Crom-
well's Letters." The work obtained a great and an
immediate popularity ; and though bulky and expen-

* From The Times, Wednesday, June 19, 1844,

i845-l CROMWELL'S LETTERS AND SPEECHES. 69

sive, a very large impression was quickly sold. These
speeches and letters of Cromwell, the spelling and
punctuation corrected, and a few words added here
and there for clearness' sake, and to accommodate
them to the language and style in use now, were first
made intelligible and effective by Mr. Carlyle. " The
authentic utterances of the man Oliver himself," he
says, " I have gathered them from far and near ; fished
them up from the foul Lethean quagmires where they
lay buried. I have washed, or endeavoured to wash
them clean from foreign stupidities — such a job of
buckwashing as I do not long to repeat — and the
world shall now see them in their own shape." The
work was at once republished in America, and two
editions were called for here within the year.

While engaged on this work, Carlyle went down to
Rugby by express invitation, on Friday, i3th May,
1842, and on the following day explored the field of
Naseby, in company with Dr. Arnold. The meeting
of two such remarkable men — only six weeks before
the death of the latter — has in it something solemn
and touching, and unusually interesting. Carlyle left
the school-house, expressing the hope that it might
"long continue to be what was to him one of the

70 VISIT TO DR. ARNOLD AT RUGBY. [1842.

rarest sights in the world — a temple of industrious
peace."

Arnold, who, with the deep sympathy arising from
kindred nobility of soul, had long cherished a high
reverence for Carlyle, was 'very proud of having re-
ceived such a guest under his roof, and during those
few last weeks of life was wont to be in high spirits,
talking with his several guests, and describing with
much interest, his recent visit to Naseby with Carlyle,
"its position on some of the highest table-land in
England — the streams falling on the one side into the
Atlantic, on the other into the German Ocean — far
away, too, from any town — Market Harborough, the
nearest, into which the cavaliers were chased late in
the long summer evening on the fourteenth of
June."

Perhaps the most graphic description of Carlyle's
manner and conversation ever published, is contained
in the following passage from a letter addressed to
Emerson by an accomplished American, Margaret
Fuller, who visited England in the Autumn of 1846,
and whose strange, beautiful history and tragical
death on her homeward voyage, are known to most
readers.

1846.] MARGARET FULLER ON CARLYLE. 71

The letter is dated Paris, November 16, 1846.

" Of the people I saw in London, you will wish
me to speak first of the Carlyles. Mr. C. came to
see me at once, and appointed an evening to be
passed at their house. That first time, I was de-
lighted with him. He was in a very sweet humour,
— full of wit and pathos, without being overbearing
or oppressive. I was quite carried away with t'ie
rich flow of his discourse, and the hearty, noble
earnestness of his personal being brought back the
charm which once was upon his writing, before I
wearied of it. I admired his Scotch, his way of
singing his great full sentences, so that each one was
like the stanza of a narrative ballad. He let me talk,
now and then, enough to free my lungs and change
my position, so that I did not get tired. That even-
ing, he talked of the present state of things in Eng-
land, giving light, witty sketches of the men of the
day, fanatics and others, and some sweet, homely
stories he told of things he had known of the Scotch
peasantry.

" Of you he spoke with hearty kindness ; and he
told, with beautiful feeling, a story of some poor

72 MARGARET FULLER ON CARLYLE. [1846.

farmer, or artisan in the country, who on Sunday
lays aside the cark and care of that dirty English
world, and sits reading the Essays, and looking upon
the sea.

"I left him that night, intending to go out very
often to their house. I assure you there never was

anything so witty as Carlyle's description of

-. It was enough to kill one with laughing. I,

on my side, contributed a story to his fund of anec-
dote on this subject, and it was fully appreciated.
Carlyle is worth a thousand of you for that ; — he is
not ashamed to laugh when he is amused, but goes on
in a cordial, human fashion.

" The second time Mr. C. had a dinner-party, at
which was a witty, French, flippant sort of man,
author of a History of Philosophy,* and now writing
a Life of Goethe, a task for which he must be as
unfit as irreligion and sparkling shallowness can make
him. But he told stones admirably, and was allowed
sometimes to interrupt Carlyle a little, of which
one was glad, for that .night he was in his more
acrid mood, and though much more brilliant than

* George Henry Lewes.

iS4-5.] MARGARET FULLER ON CARLYLE. 73

on the former evening, grew wearisome to me,
-who disclaimed and rejected almost everything he
said.

"For a couple of hours he was talking about
poetry, and the whole harangue was one eloquent
proclamation of the defects in his own mind. Ten-
nyson wrote in verse because the schoolmasters had
taught him that it was great to do so, and had thus,
unfortunately, been turned from the true path for a
man. Burns had, in like manner, been turned from
his vocation. Shakspeare had not had the good
sense to see that it would have been better to write
straight on in prose; — and such nonsense, which,
though amusing enough at first, he ran to death after
a while.

" The most amusing part is always when he conies
back to some refrain, as in the French Revolu-
tion of the sea-green. In this instance, it was Pe-
trarch and Laura, the last word pronounced with his
ineffable sarcasm of drawl. Although he said this
over fifty times, I could not help laughing when
Laura would come. Carlyle running his chin out
when he spoke it, and his eyes glancing till they
looked like the eyes and beak of a bird of prey.

74 MARGARET FULLER ON CARLYLE. [1846.

Poor Laura ! Luckily for her that her poet had al-
ready got her safely canonized beyond the reach of
this Teufelsdrockh vulture.

" The worst of .hearing Carlyle is, that you cannot
interrupt him. I understand the habit and power of
haranguing have increased very much upon him, so
that you are a perfect prisoner when he has once got
hold of you. To interrupt him is a physical impos-
sibility. If you get a chance to remonstrate for a
moment, he raises his voice and bears you down.
True, he does you no injustice, and, with his ad-
mirable penetration, sees the disclaimer in your mind,
so that you are not morally delinquent ; but it is not
pleasant to be unable to utter it. The latter part of
the evening, however, he paid us for this, by a series
of sketches, in his finest style of railing and raillery,
of modern French literature, not one of them, per-
haps, perfectly just, but all drawn with the finest,
boldest strokes, and, from his point of view, mas-
terly. All were depreciating, except that of Be'ranger.
Of him he spoke with perfect justice, because with
hearty sympathy.

" I had, afterward, some 'talk with Mrs. C, whom
hitherto I had only seen, for who can speak while her

1846. ] MARGARE T FULLER ON CARL YLE. 75

husband is there ? I like her very much ;— she is full
of grace, sweetness, and talent. Her eyes are sad
and charming.

" After this, they -went to stay at Lord AshBurton's,
and I only saw them once more, when they came to
pass an evening with us. Unluckily, Mazzini was
with us, whose society, when he was there alone, I
enjoyed more than any. He is a beauteous and pure
music : also, he is a dear friend of Mrs. C., but his
being there gave the conversation a turn to 'pro-
gress ' and ideal subjects, and C. was fluent in invec-
tives on all our ' rose-water imbecilities.' We all felt
distant from him, and Mazzini, after some vain efforts
to remonstrate, became very sad. Mrs. C. said to
me, —

" ' These are but opinions to Carlyle, but to Maz-
zini, who has given his all, and helped bring his
friends to the scaffold, m pursuit of such subjects, it
is a matter of life and death.'

" All Carlyle's talk, that evening, was a defence of
mere force, — success the test of right; — if people
would not behave well, put collars round their necks ;
—find a hero, and let them be his slaves, &c. It

76 MARGARET FULLER ON CARLYLE. [1846.

was very Titanic, and anti-celestial. I wish the last
evening had been more melodious. However, I bid
Carlyle farewell with feelings of the warmest friend-
ship and admiration. We cannot feel otherwise to
a great -and noble nature, whether it harmonise with
our own or not. I never appreciated the work he
has done for his age till I saw England. I could
not. You must stand in the shadow of that moun-
tain of shams, to know how hard it is to cast light
across it.

" Honour to Carlyle ! Hoch ! Although, in the
wine with which we drink this health, I, for one, must
mingle the despised ' rose-water.'

" And now, having to your eye shown the defects
of my own mind, in the sketch of another, I will pass
on more lowly, — more willing to be imperfect, since
Fate permits such noble creatures, after all. to be
only this or that. It is much if one is not only
a crow or magpie ; — Carlyle is only a lion. Some
time we may, all in full, be intelligent and humanely
fair."

"December, 1846. — Accustomed to the infinite wit
and exuberant richness of his writings, his talk is

1846.] MARGARET FULLER ON CARL YLE. 77

still an amazement and a splendour scarcely to be
faced with steady eyes. He does not converse ; —
only harangues. It is the usual misfortune of such
marked men, — happily not one invariable or inevit-
able,— that they cannot allow other minds room to
breathe, and show themselves in their atmosphere,
and thus miss the refreshment and instruction which
the greatest never cease to need from the experience
of the humblest.

" Carlyle allows no one a chance, but bears down
all opposition, not only by his wit and onset of
words, resistless in their sharpness as so many bayo-
nets, but by actual physical superiority, — raising his
voice, and rushing on his opponent with a torrent of
sound. This is not in the least from unwillingness to
allow freedom to others. On the contrary, no man
would more enjoy a manly resistance to his thought.
But it is the impulse of a mind accustomed to follow
out its own impulse, as the hawk its prey, and which
knows not how to stop in the chase. Carlyle, indeed,
is arrogant and overbearing; but in his arrogance
there is no littleness, — no self-love. It is the heroic
arrogance of some old Scandinavian conqueror ; — it
is his nature, and the untameable impulse that has

78 MARGARET FULLER ON CARLILE. [1846-

given him power to crush the dragons. You do not
love him, perhaps, nor revere ; and perhaps, also, he
would only laugh at you if you did ; but you like him
heartily, and like to see him the powerful smith, the
Siegfried, melting all the old iron in his furnace till it
glows to a sunset red, and burns you, if you sense-
lessly go too near.

"He seems, to me, quite isolated, — lonely as the
desert, — yet never was a man more fitted to prize a
man, could he find one to match his mood. He finds
them, but only in the past. He sings, rather, than
talks. He pours upon you a kind of satirical, heroi-
cal, critical poem, with regular cadences, and gene-
rally catching up, near the beginning, some singular
epithet, which serves as a refrain when his song is
full, or with which, as with a knitting needle, he
catches up the stitches, if he has chanced, now and
then, to let fall a row.

" For the higher kinds of poetry he has no sense,
and his talk on that subject is delightfully and gor-
geously absurd. He sometimes stops a minute to
laugh at it himself, then begins anew with fresh
vigour; for all the spirits he is driving before him

1848.] PAPERS ON IRISH AFFAIRS. 79

seem to him as Fata Morganas, ugly masks, in fact,
if he can but make them turn about ; but he laughs
that they seem to others such dainty Ariels. His
talk, like his books, is full of pictures ; his critical
strokes masterly. Allow for his point of view, and
his survey is admirable. He is a large subject. I
cannot speak more or wiselier of him now, nor needs
it ; — his works are true, to blame and praise him, —
the Siegfried of England,— great and powerful, if not
quite invulnerable, and of a might rather to destroy
evil, than legislate for good."*

In 1848 Mr. Carlyle contributed a series of ar-
ticles to the Examiner and Spectator, principally on
Irish affairs, which, as he has never yet seen fit to
reprint them in his Miscellanies, are apparently quite
unknown to the general public. With the excep-
tion of the last, they may be considered as a sort
of alarum note, sounded to herald the approach
of the Latter-Day Pamphlets, which appeared shortly
afterwards.

"Memoirs of Margaret Fuller Ossoli." (Boston, 1852.)
Vol. iii., pp. 96 — 104.

80 PAPERS ON IRISH AFFAIRS. [1848.

The following is a list of these newspaper arti-
cles : —

In The Examiner, 1848.

March 4. " Louis Philippe."
April 29. "Repeal of the Union."
May 13. " Legislation for Ireland."

In The Spectator, 1848.

May 13. "Ireland and the British Chief

Governor."

„ " Irish Regiments (of the New

Era)."

In The Examiner, 1848.

Dec. 2. " Death of Charles Buller."

The last-named paper, a tribute to the memory of
his old pupil, we shall give entire. Another man of
genius,* now also gone to his rest, sang sorrowfully
on the same occasion :

" Who knows the inscrutable design?
Blest be He who took and gave !
Why should your mother, Charles, not mitie^
Be weeping at her darling's grave ?

* W. M. Thackeray.

1848.] CHARLES DULLER. 81

We t>ow to Heaven that will'd it so,
That darkly rules the fate of all,

That sends the respite or the blow,
That's free to give, or to recall."

Carlyle's paper reads like a solemn and touching
funeral oration to the uncovered mourners as they
stand round the grave before it is closed : —

"A very beautiful soul has suddenly been sum-
moned from among us ; one of the clearest intellects,
and most aerial activities in England, has unex-
pectedly been called away. Charles Buller died on
Wednesday morning last, without previous sickness,
reckoned of importance, till a day or two before.
An event of unmixed sadness, which has created a
just sorrow, private and public. The light of many a
social circle is dimmer henceforth, and will miss long
a presence which was always gladdening and benefi-
cent ; in the coming storms of political trouble,
which heap themselves more and more in ominous
clouds on our horizon, one radiant element is to be
wanting now,

"Mr. Buller was in his forty-third year, and had
sat in Parliament some twenty of those. A man

I

82 CHARLES BULLER. [1848.

long kept under by the peculiarities ot his endowment
and position, but rising rapidly into importance of
late years ; beginning to reap the fruits of long pa-
tience, and to see an ever wider field open round
him. He was what in party language is called a
' Reformer,' from his earliest youth ; and never
swerved from that faith, nor could swerve. His lumi-
nous sincere intellect laid bare to him in all its ab-
ject incoherency the thing that was untrue, which
thenceforth became for him a thing that was not
tenable, that it was perilous and scandalous to at-
tempt maintaining. Twenty years in the dreary,
weltering lake of parliamentary confusion, with its
disappointments and bewilderments, had not quenched
this tendency, in which, as we say, he persevered as
by a law of nature itself, for the essence of his mind
was clearness, healthy purity, incompatibility with
fraud in any of its forms. What he accomplished,
therefore, whether great or little, was all to be added
to the sum of good; none of it to be deducted.
There shone mildly in his whole conduct a beautiful
veracity, as if it were unconscious of itself ; a perfect
spontaneous absence of all cant, hypocrisy, and hol-
low pretence, not in word and act only, but in

iS4S.] CHARLES BULLER. 83

thought and rnstinct. To a singular extent it can be
said of him that he was a spontaneous clear man.
Very gentle, too, though full of fire ; simple, brave,
graceful. What he did, and what he said, came from
him as light from a luminous body, and had thus
always in it a high and rare merit, which any of the
more discerning could appreciate fully.

"To many, for a long while, Mr. Buller passed
merely for a man of wit, and certainly his beautiful
natural gaiety of character, which by no means meant
levity, was commonly thought to mean it, and did for
many years, hinder the recognition of his intrinsic
higher qualities. Slowly it began to be discovered
that, under all this many-coloured radiancy and corus-
cation, there burnt a most steady light ; a sound,
penetrating intellect, full of adroit resources, and
loyal by nature itself to all that was methodic, man-
ful, true; — in brief, a mildly resolute, chivalrous,
and gallant character, capable of doing much serious
service.

" A man of wit he indisputably was, whatever more;
amongst the wittiest of men. His speech, and man-
ner of being, played everywhere like soft brilliancy
of lambent fire round the common objects of the

5

84 CHARLES DULLER. [1848.

hour, and was, beyond all others that Er ^lish society
could show, entitled to the name of ex :ellent, for it
was spontaneous, like all else in him, genuine, hu-
mane,— the glittering play of the soul of a real man.
To hear him, the most serious of men might think
within himself, '* How beautiful is human gaiety too !'
Alone of wits, Buller never made wit ; he could be
silent, or grave enough, where better was going;
often rather liked to be silent if permissible, and
always was so where needful. His wit, moreover, was
ever the ally of wisdom, not of folly, or unkindness,
or injustice; no soul was ever hurt by it; never, we
believe, never, did his wit offend justly any man, and
often have we seen his ready resource relieve one
ready to be offended, and light up a pausing circle all
into harmony again. In truth, it was beautiful to see
such clear, almost childlike simplicity of heart co-
existing with the finished dexterities, and long expe-
riences, of a man of the world. Honour to human
worth, in whatever form we find it ! This man was
*?ue to his friends, true to his convictions, — and true
without effort, as the magnet is to the north. He was
ever found on the right side ; helpful to it, not ob-
structive of it, in all he attempted or performed.

1848.] CHARLES BULLER. 8$

"Weak health; a faculty indeed brilliant, clear,
prompt, not deficient in depth either, or in any kind
of active valour, but wanting the stern energy that
could long endure to continue in the deep, in the
chaotic, new, and painfully incondite — this marked
out for him his limits ; which, perhaps with regrets
enough, his natural veracity and practicality would
lead him quietly to admit and stand by. He was not
the man to grapple, in its dark and deadly dens, with
the Lernaean coil of social Hydras ; perhaps not under
any circumstances : but he did, unassisted, what he
could ; faithfully himself did something — nay, some-
thing truly considerable ; — and in his patience with
the much that by him and his strength could not be
done let us grant there was something of beautiful
too !

" Properly, indeed, his career as a public man was
but beginning. In the office he last held, much was
silently expected of him ; he himself, too, recognised
well what a fearful and immense question this of
Pauperism is ; with what ominous rapidity the demand
for solution of it is pressing on j and how little the
world generally is yet aware what methods and prin-
ciples, new, strange, and altogether contradictory to

86 LA TTER-DA Y PAMPHLE TS. [ 1 850.

the shallow maxims and idle philosophies current at
present, would be needed for dealing with it ! This
task he perhaps contemplated with apprehension ; but
he is not now to be tried with this, or with any task
more. He .has fallen, at this point of the march, an
honourable soldier ; and has left us here to fight along
without him. Be his memory dear and honourable to
us, as that of one so worthy ought. What in him was
true and valiant endures for evermore — beyond all
memory or record. His light, airy brilliancy has sud-
denly become solemn, fixed in the earnest stillness of
Eternity. There shall we also, and our little works,
all shortly be."

In 1850 appeared the "Latter-Day Pamphlets,"
essays suggested by the convulsions of 1848, in which,
more than in any previous publication, the author
spoke out in the character of a social and political
censor of his own age. " He seemed to be the wor-
shipper of mere brute force, the advocate of all harsh,
coercive measures. Model prisons and schools for
the reform of criminals, poor-laws, churches as at
present constituted, the aristocracy, parliament, and
other institutions, were assailed and ridiculed in un-
measured terms, and generally, the English public was

,$5^1 LETTER TO SIR W. NAPIER. 87

set down as composed of sham heroes, and a valet
or ' flunkey' world." From their very nature as stern
denunciations of what the author considered contem-
porary fallacies, wrongs, and hypocrisies, these pam-
phlets produced a storm of critical indignation against
the author.

The Life of John Sterling was published in the
following year ; and our author then began that long
spell of work— the " History of Frederick the Great"
— which extended over fourteen years, the last, and
perhaps the greatest, monument of his genius.

In 1856, when we may suppose his mind to be full
of the details of battles, and overflowing with military
tactics, he received from Sir W. Napier his " History
of the Administration of Scinde," and wrote the fol-
lov.'ing letter to the author : —

"THOMAS CARLYLE TO SIR WILLIAM NAPIER.

"Chelsea, May 12, 1856.

" DEAR SIR,

" I HAVE read with attention, and with many
feelings and reflections, your record of Sir C. Napier's
Administration of Scinde. You must permit me to

88 LETTER TO SIR W. NAPIER. [1856.

thank you, in the name of Britain at large, for writing
such a book ; and in my own poor name to acknow-
ledge the great compliment and kindness implied in
sending me a copy for myself.

" It is a book which every living Englishman would
be the better for reading — for studying diligently till
he saw into it, till he recognised and believed the
high and tragic phenomenon set forth there ! A book
which may be called ' profitable' in the old Scripture
sense; profitable for reproof, for correction and ad-
monition, for great sorrow, yet for 'building up in
righteousness' too — in heroic, manful endeavour to do
well, and not ill, in one's time and place. One feels
it a kind of possession to know that one has had
such a fellow-citizen and contemporary in these evil
days.

" The fine and noble qualities of the man are very
recognisable to me ; his subtle, piercing intellect
turned all to the practical, giving him just insight into
men and into things; his inexhaustible adroit con-
trivances ; his fiery valour ; sharp promptitude to seize
the good moment that will not return. A lynx-eyed,
fiery man, with the spirit of an old knight in him ;

1856.] LETTER TO SIR W. NAPIER. 89

. more of a hero than any modern I have seen for a
long time.

" A singular veracity one finds in him ; not in his
words alone — which, however, I like much for their
fine rough naivete — but in his actions, judgments,
aims ; in all that he thinks, and does, and says —
which, indeed, I have observed is the root of all
greatness or real worth in human creatures, and pro-
perly the first (and also the rarest) attribute of what
we call genius among men.

" The path of such a man through the foul jungle
of this world — the struggle of Heaven's inspiration
against the terrestrial fooleries, cupidities, and
cowardices — cannot be other than tragical : but the
man does tear out a bit of way for himself too ; strives
towards the good goal, inflexibly persistent till his long
rest come : the man does leave his mark behind him,
ineffaceable, beneficent to all good men, maleficent to
none: and we must not complain. The British
nation of this time, in India or elsewhere — God knows
no nation ever had more need of such men, in every
region of its affairs ! But also perhaps no nation
ever had a much worse chance to get hold of them, to

90 LETTER TO SIR W. NAPIER. [1856,

recognise and loyally second them, even when they
are there.

" Anarchic stupidity is wide as the night ; victorious
wisdom is but as a lamp in it shining here and there.
Contrast a Napier even in Scinde with, for example, a
Lally at Pondicherry or on the Place de Greve ; one
has to admit that it is the common lot, that it might
have been far worse !

" There is great talent in this book apart from its
subject. The narrative moves on with strong, weighty
step, like a marching phalanx, with the gleam of clear
steel in it — sheers down the opponent objects and
tramples them out of sight in a very potent manner.
The writer, it is evident, had in him a lively, glowing
image, complete in all its parts, of the transaction to
be told ; and that is his grand secret of giving the
reader so lively a conception of it. • I was surprised
to find how much I had carried away with me, even
of the Hill campaign and of Trukkee itself; though
without a map the attempt to understand such a thing
seemed to me desperate at first.

" With many thanks, and gratified to have made
this reflex acquaintance, which, if it should ever

i86i.] INSPECTOR BRAIDWOOD. 91

chance to become a direct one, might gratify me stilJ
more,

" I remain always yours sincerely,

" T. CARLYLE."*

In June, 1861, a few days after the grecat fire in
which Inspector Braidwood perished in the discharge
of his duty, Carlyle broke a long silence with the
following letter ; —

"TO THE EDITOR OF THE 'TIMES.'

" SIR,—

"There is a great deal of public sympathy,
and of deeper sort than usual, awake at present on
the subject of Inspector Braidwood. It is a beautiful
emotion, and apparently a perfectly just one, and well
bestowed. Judging by whatever light one gets,
Braidwood seems to have been a man of singular
worth in his department, and otherwise ; such a ser-
vant as the public seldom has. Thoroughly skilled in
his function, nobly valiant in it, and faithful to it —

* ' ' Life of General Sir William Napier, K. C. B. " Edited by
H. A. Bruce, M.P. London : Murray, 1864. Vel. fi. pp.
312—314-

92 INSPECTOR BRAID WOOD. [1861.

faithful to the death. In rude, modest form, actually
a kind of hero, who has perished in serving us !

"Probably his sorrowing family is not left in
wealthy circumstances. Most certainly it is pity when
a generous emotion, in many men, or in any man, has
to die out futile, and leave no action behind it. The
question, therefore, suggests itself — Should not there
be a 'Braidwood Testimonial,' the proper parties
undertaking it, in a modest, serious manner, the public
silently testifying (to such extent, at least) what worth
its emotion has ?

" I venture to throw out this hint, and, if it be acted
on, will, with great satisfaction, give my mite among
other people ; but must, for good reasons, say further,
that this [is] all I can do in the matter (of which, in-
deed, I know nothing but what everybody knows, and
a great deal less than every reader of the newspapers
knows) ; and that, in particular, I cannot answer any
letters on the subject, should such happen to be sent
me.

" In haste, I remain, Sir, your obedient servant,

" T. CARLYLE.*
"5, Cheyne-row, Chelsea, June 30."

* (Printed in The Times, Tuesday, July 2, 1861.)

i866.] PROCEEDINGS A T EDINBURGH. 93

The " History of Frederick the Great" was com-
pleted early in 1865. Later in the same year the
students of Edinburgh University elected Carlyle as
Lord Rector. We cannot do better than describe the
proceedings and the subsequent address in the words
of the late Alexander Smith : —

"Mr. Gladstone demitted office, and then it be-
hoved the students of the University to cast about for
a worthy successor. Two candidates were proposed,
Mr. Carlyle and Mr. Disraeli ; and on the election
day Mr. Carlyle was returned by a large and enthu-
siastic majority. This was all very well, but a doubt
lingered in the minds of many whether Mr. Carlyle
would accept the office, or if accepting it, whether he
would deliver an address — said address being the sole
apple which the Rectorial tree is capable of bearing.
The hare was indeed caught, but it was doubtful
somewhat whether the hare would allow itself to be
cooked after the approved academical fashion. It was
tolerably well known that Mr. Carlyle had emerged
from his long spell of work on " Frederick," in a con-
dition of health the reverse of robust ; that he had
once or twice before declined similar honours from
Scottish Universities — from Glasgow some twelve or

94 ALEXANDER SMITH'S ACCOUNT. [1866.

fourteen years ago, and from Aberdeen some seven or
eight ; and that he was constitutionally opposed to all
varieties of popular displays, more especially those of
the oratorical sort.

" But all dispute was ended when it was officially
announced that Mr. Carlyle had accepted the office of
Lord Rector, that he would conform to all its require-
ments, and that the Rectorial address would be de-
livered late in spring. And so when the days began
to lengthen in these northern latitudes, and crocuses
to show their yellow and purple heads, people began
to talk about the visit of the great writer, and to
speculate on what manner and fashion of speech he
would deliver.

" Edinburgh has no University Hall, and accordingly
when speech-day approached, the largest public room
in the city was chartered by the University authorities.
This public room — the Music Hall in George Street —
will contain, under severe pressure, from eighteen
hundred to nineteen hundred persons, and tickets to
that extent were secured by the students and members
of the General Council. Curious stories are told of
the eagerness on every side manifested to hear Mr.
Carlyle. Country clergymen from beyond Aberdeen

1866.] ALEXANDER SMITH 'S A (. COUNT. 95

came into Edinburgh for the sole purpose of hearing
and seeing. Gentlemen came down from London by
train the night before, and returned to London by
train the night after.

" In a very few minutes after the doors were opened
the large hall was filled in every part, and when up
the central passage the Principal, the Lord Rector, the
Members of the Senate, and other gentlemen advanced
towards the platform, the cheering was vociferous and
hearty. The Principal occupied the chair of course,
the Lord Rector on his right, the Lord Provost on his
left. Every eye was fixed on the Rector. To all ap-
pearance, as he sat, time and labour had dealt tenderly
with him. His face had not yet lost the country
bronze which he brought up with him from Dumfries-
shire as a student fifty six years ago. His long resi-
dence in London had not touched his Annandale
look, nor had it — as we soon learned — touched his
Annandale accent. His countenance was striking,
homely, sincere, truthful — the countenance of a man
on whom ' the burden of the unintelligible world ' had
weighed more heavily than on most. His hair was
yet almost dark ; his moustache and short beard were
iron grey. His eyes were wide, melancholy, sorrowful^

96 ALEXANDER SMITHES ACCOUNT. [1866.

arid seemed as if they had been at times a-weary of
the sun. Altogether in his aspect there was some-
thing aboriginal, as of a piece of unhewn granite,
which had never been polished to any approved
pattern, whose natural and original vitality had never
been tampered with. In a word, there seemed no
passivity about Mr. Carlyle — he was the diamond, and
the world was his pane of glass ; he was a graving
tool rather than a thing graven upon — a man to set
his mark on the world— a man on whom the world
could not set its mark. And just as, glancing towards
Fife a few minutes before, one could not help thinking
of his early connection with Edward Irving, so seeing
him sit beside the venerable Principal of the Uni-
versity, one could not help thinking of his earliest
connection with literature.

" Time brings men into the most unexpected
relationships. When the Principal was plain Mr.
Brewster, editor of the Edinburgh Cyclopaedia, little
dreaming that he should ever be Knight of Han-
over and head of the Northern Metropolitan Univer-
sity, Mr. Carlyle — just as little dreaming that he
should be the foremost man of letters of his day
and Lord Rector of the same University — was his

1866.] ALEXANDER SMITHES ACCOUNT. . 97

contributor, writing for said Cyclopaedia biogra-
phies of Montesquieu and other notables. And so
it came about that after years of separation and of
honourable labour, the old editor and contributor were
brought together again — in new aspects.

" The proceedings began by the conferring of the
degree of LL.D. on Mr. Erskine of Linlathen — an
old friend of Mr. Carlyle's — on Professors Huxley,
Tyndall, and Ramsay, and on Dr. Rae, the Arctic
explorer. That done, amid a tempest of cheering and
hats enthusiastically waved, Mr. Carlyle, slipping off
his Rectorial robe — which must have been a very shirt
of Nessus to him — advanced to the table and began
to speak in low, wavering, melancholy tones, which
were in accordance with the melancholy eyes, and in
the Annandale accent, with which his playfellows must
have been familiar long ago. So self-contained was
he, so impregnable to outward influences, that all his
years of Edinburgh and London life could not impair
even in the slightest degree, that.

" The opening sentences were lost in the applause.
What need of quoting a speech which by this time
has been read by everybody? Appraise it as you
please, it was a thing per se. Just as, if you wish a

98 ALEXANDER SMITWS ACCOUNT. [1866.

purple dye you must fish up the Murex ; if you wish
ivory you must go to the east ; so if you desire an
address such as Edinburgh listened to the other day,
you must go to Chelsea for it. It may not be quite
to your taste, but, in any case, there is no other intel-
lectual warehouse in which that kind of article is kept
in stock.

" The gratitude I owe to him is — or should be —
equal to that of most. He has been to me only a
voice, sometimes sad, sometimes wrathful, sometimes
scornful ; and when I saw him for the first time with
the eye of flesh stand up amongst us the other day,
and heard him speak kindly, brotherly, affectionate
words — his first appearance of that kind, I suppose,
since he discoursed of Heroes and Hero Worship to
the London people — I am not ashamed to confess
that I felt moved towards him, as I do not think in
any possible combination of circumstances I could
have felt moved towards any other living-man."*

The Edinburgh correspondent to a London paper
thus describes what took place : —

" A vast interest among the intelligent public has
* The Argosy, May, 1866.

iS66.] PROCEEDINGS A T EDINBURGH. 99

been excited by the prospect of Mr. Thomas Carlyle's
appearance to be installed as Lord Rector of" the
University of Edinburgh. With the exception of the
delivery of his lectures on Heroes and Hero-worship,
he has avoided oratory ; and to many of his admirers
the present occasion seemed likely to afford their
only chance of ever seeing him in the flesh, and hear-
ing his living voice. The result has been, that the
University authorities have been beset by applications
in number altogether unprecedented — to nearly all of
which they could only give the reluctant answer, that
admission for strangers* was impossible. The students
who elect Mr. Carlyle received tickets, if they applied
within the specified time, and the members of the
University council, or graduates, obtained the residue
according to priority of application. Ladies' ticket
to the number of one hundred and fifty were issued,
each professor obtaining four, and the remaining thirty
being placed at the disposal of Sir David Brewster,
the Principal. And the one hundred and fifty lucky
ladies were conspicuous in the front of the gallery
to-day, having been admitted before the doors for
students and other males were open.

"The hour appointed for leiii-.rj them in was kept

6

ioo PROCEEDINGS A T EDINB URGII. [i 866.

precisely — it was half-past one P.M., but an hour be-
fore it, despite occasional showers of rain, a crowd
had begun to gather at the front door of the music-
hall, and at the opening of the door it had gathered
to proportions sufficient to half fill the building, its
capacity under severe crushing being about two thou-
sand.

" When the door was opened, they rushed in as
crowds of young men only can and dare rush, and up
the double stairs they streamed like a torrent ; which
torrent, however, policemen and check-gates soon
moderated. I chanced to faH'into a lucky current of
the crowd, and got in amongst the first two or three
hundred, and got forward to the fourth seat from the
platform, as good a place for seeing and hearing as
any.

"The proceedings of the day were fixed to com-
mence at two P.M., and the half-hour of waiting was
filled up by the students in throwing occasional vol-
leys of peas, whistling en masse various lively tunes,
and in clambering, like small escalading parties, on to
and over the platform to take advantage of the seats
in the organ gallery behind. For Edinburgh students,
*owever, let me say that these proceedings were sin-

i866.] PROCEEDINGS AT EDINBURGH. 101

gularly decorous. They did indulge in a little fun
when nothing else was doing, but they did not come
for that alone. Any student who wanted fun could
have sold his ticket at a handsome profit, for which
better fun could be had elsewhere. I heard among
the crowd that some students had got so high a price
as a guinea each for their tickets, and I heard of
others who had been offered no less but had refused
it. And I must say further, that they listened to Mr.
Carlyle's address with as much attention and reve-
rence as they could have bestowed on a prophet —
only I daresay most prophets would have elicited less
applause and laughter.

" Shortly before two, the city magistrates and a few
other personages mounted the platform, and, with as
much quietness as the fancy of the students directed,
took the seats which had been marked out for them
by large red pasteboard tickets. At two precisely the
students in the organ gallery started to the tops of the
seats and began to cheer vociferously, and almost
instantly all the audience followed their example.
The procession was on its way through the hall, and
in half a minute Lord Provost Chambers, in his offi-
cial robes, mounted the platform stair; then Principal

102 INSTALLA TION AS LORD RECTOR. [iS66.

Sir David Brewster and Lord Rector Carlyle. both in
their gold-laced robes of office ; then the Rev. Dr.
Lee, and the other professors, in their gowns ; also
the LL.D.'s to be, in Mack gowns. Lord Neaves and
Dr. Guthrie were thert in an LL.D.'s black gown and
blue ribbons; Mr. Harvey, the President of the
Royal Academy, and Sir D. Baxter, Bart. — men con
spicuous in their plain clothes.

*' Dr. Lee offered up a prayer of a minute and a
half, at the ' Amen ' of which I could see Mr. Car-
lyle bow very low. Then the business of the occasior
commenced. Mr. Gibson — a tall, thin, pale-faced,
beardless, acute, composed-looking young gentleman,
in an M.A.'s gown — introduced Mr. Carlyle, ' the
most distinguished son of the University,' to the
Principal, Sir David Brewster, as the Lord Rector
elected by the students. Sir David saluted him as
such, thinking, perhaps, of the time when, an un-
known young man, Thomas Carlyle wrote articles for
Brewster's 'Cyclopaedia,' and got Brewster's name to
introduce to public notice his translation of Legen-
dre's ' Geometry.' Next Professor Muirhead, for the
time being the Dean of the Faculty of Laws in the
University, introduced various gentlemen to the Prin-

iS66.] INSTALLATION AS LORD RECTO& 103

cipal in order, as persons whom the senate had
thought worthy of the degree of LL.D., giving a
dignified, but not always very happy, account of the
merits of each. There was Mr. Erskine, of Linlathen,
Mr. Carlyle's host for the time being, and often pre-
viously, an old friend of Irving and Chalmers, himself
the writer of various elegant and sincere religious
books, and one of the best and most amiable of men.
If intelligent goodness ever entitled any one to the
degree of LL.D., he .certainly deserves it; and when
I say this, I do not insinuate that on grounds of pure
intellect he is not well entitled to the honour. He is
now, I should think, nearer eighty than seventy years
of age — a mild-looking, full-eyed old man, with a face
somewhat of the type of Lord Derby's. There was
Professor Huxley, young in years, dark, heavy-browed,
alert and resolute, but not moulded after any high
ideal ; and there was Professor Tyndal, also young,
lithe of limb, and nonchalant in manner. When his
name was called he sat as if he had no concern in
what was going on, and then rose with an easy smile,
partly of modesty, but in great measure of indiffe-
rence.

" Dr. Rae, the Arctic explorer and first discoverer

104 THE DEGREE OF LL.D. [1866.

of the fate of Sir John Franklin, who is an M.D. of
Edinburgh, was now made LL.D. He is of tall, wiry,
energetic figure, slightly baldish, with greyish, curly
hair, keen, handsome face, high crown and sloping
forehead, and his bearing is that of a soldier — of a
man who has both given and obeyed commands, and
been drilled to stand steady and upright. Carlyle
himself was offered the degree of LL.D., but he de-
clined the honour, laughing it off, in fact, in a letter,
with such excuses as that he had a brother a Dr.
Carlyle (an M.D., also a man of genius, I insert
parenthetically, and known in literature as a translator
of ' Dante'), and that if two Dr. Carlyles should ap-
pear at Paradise, mistakes might arise.

' 'After all the LL.D. s had heard their merits enu-
merated, and had had a black hood or wallet of some
kind, with a blue ribbon conspicuous in it, flung over
their heads, Principal Brewster announced that the
Lord Rector would now deliver his address. There-
upon Mr. Carlyle rose at once, shook himself out of
his gold-laced rectorial gown, left it on his chair, and
stepped quietly to the table, and drawing his tall,
bony frame into a position of straight perpendicu-
larity not possible to one man in five hundred at

1866.] THE DELIVERY OF THE ADDRESS. 105

seventy years of age, he began to speak quietly and
distinctly, but nervously. There was a slight flush on
his face, but he bore himself with composure and
dignity, and in the course of half an hour he was
obviously beginning to feel at his ease, so far at least
as to have adequate command over the current of his
thought.

" He spoke on quite freely and easily, hardly ever
repeated a word, never looked at a note, and only
once returned to finish up a topic from which he had
deviated. He apologised for not having come with a
written discourse. It was usual, and ' it would have
been more comfortable for me just at present,' but he
had tried it, and could not satisfy himself, and ' as the
spoken word comes from the heart,' he had resolved
to try that method. What he said in words will be
learned otherwise than from me. I could not well
describe it ; but I do not think I ever heard any ad-
dress that I should be so unwilling to blot from my
memory. Not that there was much in it that cannot
be found in his writings, or inferred from them ; but the
manner of the man was a key to the writings, and for
naturalness and quiet power, I have never seen any-
thing to compare with it. He did not deal in rhe-

ro6 THE DELIVERY OF THE ADDRESS. [i865.

toric. He talked — it was "continuous, strong, quiet
talk — like a patriarch about to leave the world to the
young lads who had chosen him and were just
tering the world. His voice is a soft, downy voice-
not a tone in it is of the shrill, fierce kind that one
would expect it to be in reading the Latter-day Pam-
phlets.

" There was not a trace of effort or of affectation,
or even of extravagance. Shrewd common sense
tli ere was in abundance. There was the involved
disrupted style also, but it looked so natural that re-
flection was needed to recognise in it that very style
which purists find to be un-English and unintelligible.
Over the angles of this disrupted style rolled out a
few cascades of humour — quite as if by accident.
He let them go, talking on in his soft, downy accents,
without a smile ; occasionally for an instant looking
vsry serious, with his dark eyes beating like pulses,
but generally looking merely composed and kindly,
and so, to speak, father-like. He concluded by re-
citing his own translation of a poem of Goethe- -

" ' The future hides in it gladness and sorrow.'
And this he did in a style of melancholy grandeur not

1855.] 77/2? "TALL MALL GAZETTE." 107

to be described, but still 1 ss to be forgotten. It was
then alone that the personality o_f the philosopher

and poet were revealed continuously in his manner of

---...-

utterance. The features of his face are familiar to all

from his portraits. But I do not think any portrait,
unless, perhaps, Woolner's medallion, gives full ex-
pression to the resolution that is visible in his face.
Besides, they all make him look sadder and older
than he appears. Although he be threescore and ten,
his hair is still abundant and tolerably black, and
there is considerable colour in his cheek. Not a man
of his age on that platform to-day looked so young,
and he had done more work than any ten on it"

The correspondent of the Pall Mall Gazette gives
some interesting particulars : —

" Mr. Carlyle had not spoken in public before yes-
terday, since those grand utterances on Heroes and
Hero-worship in the institute in Edwards Street,
Marylebone, which one can scarcely believe, whilst
reading them, to have been, in the best sense, extem-
poraneously delivered. In that ca..a Mr. Carlyle
began the series, as we have heard, by bringing a

jo8 THE "PALL MALL GAZETTE." [1866.

manuscript which he evidently found much in his way,
and presently abandoned. On the second evening he
brought some notes or headings ; but these also
tripped him until he had left them. The remaining
lectures were given like his conversation, which no one
can hear without feeling that, with all its glow and in-
spiration, every sentence would be, if taken down,
found faultless. It was so in his remarkable extem-
poraneous address yesterday. He had no notes what-
ever. ' But,' says our correspondent, in transmitting
the report, ' I have never heard a speech of whose
more remarkable qualities so few can be conveyed on
paper. You will read of " applause" and " laughter,"
but you will little realize the eloquent blood flaming
up the speaker's cheek, the kindling of his eye, or the
inexpressible voice and look when the drolleries were
coming out. When he spoke of clap-trap books ex-
citing astonishment ' in the minds of foolish persons,'
the evident halting at the word 'fools,' and the
smoothing of his hair, as if he must be decorous,
which preceded the change to ' foolish persons,' were
exceedingly comical. As for the flaming bursts, they
took shape in grand tones, whose impression was made
deeper, not by raising, but by lowering the voice.

1 866.] THE "PALL MALL GAZETTE." 109

Your correspondent here declares that he should hold
ft worth his coming all the way from London in the
rain in the Sunday night train were it only to have
heard Carlyle say, " There is a nobler ambition than
the gaining of all California, or the getting of all the
suffrages that are on the planet just now !" ' In the
first few minutes of the address there was some hesi-
tation, and much of the shrinking that one might
expect in a secluded scholar; but these very soon
cleared away, and during the larger part, and to the
close of the oration, it was evident that he was re-
ceiving a sympathetic influence from his listeners,
which he did not fail to return tenfold. The applause
became less frequent ; the silence became that of a
woven spell ; and the recitation of the beautiful lines
from Goethe, at the end, was so masterly — so marvel-
lous— that one felt in it that Carlyle's real anathemas
against rhetoric were but the expression of his
knowledge that there is a rhetoric beyond all other
arts."

In the Times the following leader appeared upon
Mr. Carlyle's address : —

" There is something in the return of i man to the

HO THE " TIMES" LEADER. [1866.

haunts of his youth, after he has acquired fame and
a recognised position in the world, which is of itself
sufficient to arrest attention. We are interested in the
retrospect and the contrast, the juxtaposition of the
old and the new, the hopes of early years, the memory
of the struggles and contests of manhood, the repose
of victory. A man may differ as much as he pleases
from the doctrines of Mr. Carlyle, he may reject his
historical teachings, and may distrust his politics, but
he must be of a very unkindly disposition not to be
touched by his reception at Edinburgh. It is fifty-four
years, he told the students of the University, since he,
a boy of fourteen, came as a student, ' full of wonder
and expectation,' to the old capital of his native
country, and now he returns, having accomplished the
days of man spoken of by the Psalmist, that he may
be honoured by students of this generation, and may
give them a few words of advice on the life which lies
before them.

" The discourse of the new Lord Rector squared
very well with the occasion. There was no novelty
in it. New truths are not the gifts which the old offer
the young; the lesson we learn last is but the fulness
of the meaning of what was only partially apprehended

1 866.] THE " TIMES" LEADER. til

at first. Mr. Carlyle brought out things familiar
enough to everyone who has read his works; there
jvere the old platitudes and the old truths, and, it
must be owned, mingled here and there with them the
old errors. Time has, however, its recompenses, and
if the freshness of youth seemed to be wanting in the
address of the Rector, so also was its crudity. There
was a singular mellowness in Mr. Carlyle's speech,
which was reflected in the homely language in which
it was couched. The chief lessons he had to enforce
were to avoid cram, and to be painstaking, diligent,
and patient in the acquisition of knowledge. Students
are not to try to make themselves acquainted with the
outsides of as many things as possible, and ' to go
flourishing about' upon the strength of their acquisi-
tions, but to count a thing as known only when it is
stamped on their mind. The doctrine is only a new
reading of the old maxim, non multa sed multum, but
it is as much needed now as ever it was. Still more
appropriate to the present day was Mr. Carlyle's pro-
test against the notion that a University is the place
where a man is to be fitted for the special work of a
profession. A University, as he puts it, teaches a
man how to read, or, as we may say more generally,

112 THE " TIMES" LEADER. [1866.

how to learn. It is not the function of such a place
to offer particular and technical knowledge, but to
prepare a man for mastering any science by teaching
him the method of all. A child learns the use of his
body, not the art of a carpenter or smith, and the
^University student learns the use of his mind, not the
professional lore of a lawyer or a physician. It is
pleasant to meet with a strong reassertion of doctrines
which the utilitarianism of a commercial and maniv
facturing age is too apt to make us all forget. Mr.
Carlyle is essentially conservative in his notions on
academic functions. Accuracy, discrimination, judg-
ment, are with him the be-all and end-all of educa-
tional training. If a man has learnt to know a thing
in itself, and in its relation to surrounding phenomena,
he has got from a University what it is its proper duty
to teach. Accordingly, we find him bestowing a good
word on poor old Arthur Collins, who showed that he
possessed these valuable qualities in the humble work
of compiling a Peerage.

" The new Lord Rector is, however, as conservative
in his choice of the implements of study as he is in
the determination of its objects. The languages and
*ihe history of the great nations of antiquity he puts

1 866.] VNIVERSITY TRAINING. 113

foremost, like any other pedagogue. The Greeks and
the Romans are, he tells the Edinburgh students, ' a
pair of nations shining in the records left by them-
selves as a kind of pillar to light up life in the dark-
ness of the past ages ;* and he adds that it would be
well worth their while to get an understanding of what
these people were, and what they did. It is here,
however, that an old error of Mr. Carlyle's crops up
among his well-remembered truths. He quotes from
Machiavelli — evidently agreeing himself with the sen-
timent, though he refrained from asking the assent of
his audience to it — the statement that the history of
Rome showed that a democracy could not permanently
exist without the occasional intervention of a Dictator.
It is possible that if Machiavelli had had the expe-
rience of the centuries which have elapsed since his
day, he would have seen fit to alter his conclusion,
and it is to be regretted that the admiration which Mr.
Carlyle -feels for the great men of history will not
allow him to believe in the possibility of a political
society where each might find his proper sphere and
duty without disturbing the order and natural succes-
sion of the commonwealth. His judgment on this
point is like that of a man who had only known the

H4 INDEPENDENCE OF THOUGHT. [1866,

steam-engine before the invention of governor balls,
and was ready to declare that its mechanism would be
shattered if a boy were not always at hand to regulate

the pressure of the steam,

*****

"We may turn, however, from this difference to
another of Mr. Carlyle's doctrines, which mark at
once his independence of thought and his respect for
experience, where he declares the necessity for recog-
nising the hereditary principle in government, if there
is to be 'any fixity in things.' In the same way
we find him almost lamenting the fact that Oxford,
once apparently so fast-anchored as to be immov-
able, has begun to twist and toss on the eddy of new
ideas.

" It is impossible to glance at Mr. Carlyle's Easter
Monday discourse without recalling the oration which
his predecessor pronounced on resigning office last
autumn. * * * Mr. Carlyle is as simple and practical
as his predecessor was dazzling and rhetorical. An
ounce of mother wit, quotes the new Lord Rector, is
worth a pound of clergy, and while he admires De-
mosthenes, he prefers the eloquence of Phocion. A
little later he repeats his old doctrine on the virtue of

1866.] GLADSTONE AND CARLYLE. 115

silence, laments the fact that l the finest nations in the
world — the English and the American— are going all
away into wind and tongue/ and protests that a man
is not to be esteemed wise because he has poured out
speech copiously. Mr. Carlyle has so often incul-
cated these sentiments in his books that there can be
no suspicion of an arrihe pmsee in their utterance
now, but the contrast between him and his predecessor
is at the least instructive. Each does, however, in
some measure, supply what is deficient in the other.
No one would claim for the Chancellor of the Ex-
chequer the intensity of power of his successor, but
in his abundant energy, his wide sympathy with
popular movement, and his real, if vague and indis-
criminating, faith in the activity and progress of
modern life, he conveys lessons of trust in the present,
and hopefulness in the future, which would be ill-
exchanged for the patient and somewhat sad stoicism
of Mr. Carlyle."

Carlyle was still in Scotland on April 21, and there
the terrible and solemn news had to be conveyed to
him of the sudden death of her who had been his
true and faithful life-companion for forty years.

Mrs. Carlyle died on Saturday, April 21, under

7

ii6 DEATH OF CARLYLE* S WIPE. [1866.

very peculiar circumstances. She was taking her
usual drive in Hyde Park about four o'clock, when
her little favourite dog — which was running by the
side of the brougham — was run over by a carriage.
She was greatly alarmed, though the dog was not se-
riously hurt. She lifted the dog into the carriage, and
the man drove on. Not receiving any call or direc-
tion from his mistress, as was usual, he stopped the
carriage and discovered her, as he thought, in a fit,
or ill, and drove to St. George's Hospital, which was
near at hand. When there it was discovered that
she must have been dead some little time. Mrs.
Carlyle's health had been for several months feeble,
but not in a state to excite anxiety or alarm.

On the following Wednesday her remains were con-
veyed from London to Haddington for interment
there, and the funeral took place on Thursday after-
noon. Mr. Carlyle was accompanied from London
(whither he had returned immediately on the receipt
of that solemn message) by his brother, Dr. Carlyle,
Mr. John Forster, and the Hon. Mr. Twistleton. The
funeral cortege consisted of a hearse and two car-
riages, and was followed on foot by a large number
rj, of gentlemen who had known Mrs. Carlyle and her

1 866.] FUNERAL OF MRS. CARLYLE. 117

father, Dr. Welsh, who was held in high estimation in
the town, where he had practised medicine till his
-death, in 1819. The grave, which is the same as
that occupied by Dr. Welsh, lies in the centre of the
ruined choir of the old cathedral at Haddington * *
In accordance with the Scottish practice, there was
no service read, and Mr. Carlyle threw a handful cf
earth on the coffin after it had been lowered into the
grave.

Carlyle wrote the following inscription to be placed
on his wife's tombstone : —

" Here likewise ncrw rests Jane Welsh Carlyle, spouse cf
Thomas Carlyle, Chelsea, London. She was born at Hadding-
ton 14th July, 1801 ; only child of the above John Welsh and of
Grace Welsh, Caplegell, Dumfriesshire, his -wife. In her "bright
existence she had more sorrows than are common, but also a
soft invincibility, a capacity of discernment, and a noble loyalty
of h^art which are rare. For 40 years she was the true and loving
helpmate of her husband, and by act and word unwcariedly for-
warded him as none else could in all of worthy that he did or
attempted. She died at London, 21st April, 1866, suddenly
snatched away from him, and the light of his life as if gone
out."

Later in the same year, weighed down as he was by
his great sorrow, Carlyle nevertheless thought it a
public duty to come forward in defence of Governoi

iiS GOVERNOR EYRE. [1866.

Eyre, and raise his voice against the persecution of
that faithful public servant. He acted as Vice-Presi-
dent of the Defence Fund. The following is a letter
written to Mr. Hamilton Hume, giving his views on
the subject in full:

"Ripple Court, Ringwould, Dover,

t 1866.

"Sm,

" The clamour raised against Governor Eyre
appears to me to be disgraceful to the good sense of
England ; and if it rested on any depth of conviction,
and were not rather (as I always flatter myself it is) a
thing of rumour and hearsay, of repetition and rever-
beration, mostly from the teeth outward, I should
consider it of evil omen to the country and to its
highest interests in these times. For my own share,
all the light that has yet reached me on Mr. Eyre and
his history in the world goes steadily to establish the
conclusion that he is a just, humane, and valiant man,
faithful to his trusts everywhere, and with no ordinary
faculty of executing them; that his late services in
Jamaica were of great, perhaps of incalculable value,
as certainly they were of perilous and appalling difii-

1 866.] GOVERNOR EYRE. ii0

culty — something like the case of ' fire/ suddenly re-
ported, 'in the ship's powder room/ in mid-ocean,
where the moments mean the ages, and life and death
hang on your use or misuse of the moments ; and, in
short, that penalty and clamour are not the thing this
Governor merits from any of us, but honour and
thanks, and wise imitation (I will farther say), should
similar emergencies arise, on the great scale or on the
small, in whatever we are governing !

" The English nation never loved anarchy, nor was
wont to spend its sympathy on miserable mad sedi-
tions, especially of this inhuman and half-brutish type ;
but always loved order, and the prompt suppression of
seditions, and reserved its tears for something wor-
thier than promoters of such delirious and fatal enter-
prises who had got their wages for their sad industry.
Has the English nation changed, then, altogether ? I
flatter myself it is not, not yet quite ; but only that
certain loose, superficial portions of it have become a
great deal louder, and not any wiser, than they for-
merly used to be.

" At any rate, though much averse, at any time, and
at this time in particular, to figure on committees, or
run into public noises without call, I do at once, and

120 GOVERNOR EYRE. [1866.

feel that as a British citizen I should, and must, make
you welcome to my name for your committee, and to
whatever good it can do you. With the hope only
that many other British men, of far more significance
in such a matter, will at once or gradually do the like ;
and that, in fine, by wise effort and persistence, a
blind and disgraceful act of public injustice may be
prevented ; and an egregrious folly as well — not to
say, for none can say or compute, what a vital detri-
ment throughout the British Empire, in such an ex-
ample set to all the colonies and governors the British
Empire has !

" Farther service, I fear, I am not in a state to pro-
mise, but the whole weight of my conviction and good
wishes is with you ; and if other service possible to
me do present itself, I shall not want for willingness in
case of need. Enclosed is my mite of contribution to
your fund.

" I have the honour to be yours truly,

"T. CARLYLE."

"To HAMILTON HUME, Esq.,

" Hon. Sec. « Eyre Defence Fund.'"

With respect to the portraits of Carlyle, one of

1 866. ] POK TRAITS OF CARL YLE. \ 2 1

the first, if not the earliest, was a full length sketch
published in Fraser's Magazine in June 1833, when
he was in his thirty-eight year. Another taken by
Samuel Lawrence, about 1843, is perhaps the most in-
tellectual-looking of all the published likenesses ; the
beetle-browed, stern figure presents to one's mind the
very ideal of a giant in thought. Count D'Orsay's
sketch, published by Mitchell in 1839, is highly char-
acteristic of the artist, and if Carlyle should ever
relax his opinions upon society, and desire to go down
to posterity as a fashionable personage, rather than as
a stern moralist, this will be his favourite portrait. It
was taken when no man of position was counted a
dutiful subject who did not wear a black satin stock
and a Petersham coat. The portrait on our cover is
from a sketch by a friend, taken in 1859. It is an
admirable likeness. Another by Maclise may be seen
in the large cartoon etching of the writers in Fraser's
Magazine, 1835. It represents a banquet — one of
those given by Maginn and Fraser — in the snug room
at the back of the shop, 212, Regent Street. Maginn
is in the chair, and around the table may be seen
Barry Cornwall, Southey, Thackeray, Macnish, Ains-
worth, Coleridge, Hogg, Croker, Lockhart, Theodore

122 PORTRAITS Of CARLYLE. [1866.

Hook, Sir David Brewster, D'Orsay, Carlyle, and
many others.

An excellent portrait appeared some time ago
in the Illustrated London News, and another, not
quite so good, came out in the now defunct Critic, in
1859. The medallion by Woolner is very artistic,
but scarcely conveys the peculiarities of the face.
Recently some admirable photographs have appeared,
but they are too true — painfully true — for, with the
peculiarity of the lens, the wrinkles and seams in
the face are intensified in such a manner as to give
an unnatural, if not unhealthy expression. If we are
mortal, we need not always be looked at through
an optical glass.

The following anecdotes of Carlyle are told by
Mr. Lewes in his " Life of Goethe " :—

" I heard a capital story of Carlyle at a dinner-
party in Berlin, silencing the cant about Goethe's want
of religion, by one of his characteristic sarcasms.
For some time he sat quiet, but not patient, while cer-
tain pietists were throwing up their eyes, and regret-
ting that so great a genius ! so godlike a genius !
should not have more purely devoted himself to the

x866.] ANECDOTES OF CARLYLE. 123

service of Christian truth ! and should have had so
little, etc., etc. Carlyle sat grim, ominously silent,
his hands impatiently twisting his napkin, until at last
he broke silence, and in his slow, emphatic way said,
* Meine Herren, did you never hear the story of that
man who vilified the sun because it would not light
his cigar ?' This bombshell completely silenced the
enemy's fire." *

" I remember once, as we were walking along Pic-
cadilly, talking about the infamous Buchlein von
Goethe, Carlyle stopped suddenly, and with his pecu-
liar look and emphasis, said, ' Yes, it is the wild cry
of amazement on the part of all spooneys that the
Titan was not a spooney too ! Here is a godlike in-
tellect, and yet you see he is not an idiot ! Not in
the least a spooney !' " t

* From "The Life of Goethe," by George Henry Lewes.
Second Edition, 1864, p. 521.
t Ib.t p. 256,

ADDRESS

DELIVERED TO THE

STUDENTS OF THE UNIVERSITY OF EDINBURGH
APRIL 2, 1866.

GENTLEMEN,

HAVE accepted the office you have elected
me. to, and have now the duty to return
thanks for the great honour done me. Your
enthusiasm towards me, I admit, is very beau-
tiful in itself, however undesirable it may be in
regard to the object of it. It is a feeling honour-
able to all men, and one well known to myself
when I was in a position analogous to your own.
I can only hope that it may endure to the end —

126 A RETROSPECT. [April 2,

that noble desire to honour those whom you
think worthy of honour, and come to be more
and more select and discriminate in the choice
of the object of it ; for I can well understand
that you will modify your opinions of me and
many things else as you go on. (Laughter and
cheers.) There are now fifty-six years gone last
November since I first entered your city, a boy
of not quite fourteen — fifty-six years ago — to
attend classes here and gain knowledge of all
kinds, I know not what, with feelings of wonder
and awe-struck expectation ; and now, after a
long, long course, this is what we have come
to. (Cheers.) There is something touching and
tragic, and yet at the same time beautiful, to
see the third generation, as it were, of my dear
old native land, rising up and saying, " Well,
you are not altogether an unworthy labourer in
the vineyard : you have toiled through a great
variety of fortunes, and have had many judges."
As the old proverb says, "He that builds by

1866.] OBJECTIONS TO THE OFFICE. 127

the wayside has many masters." We must
expect a variety of judges ; but the voice of
young Scotland, through you, is really of some
value to me, and I return you many thanks- for
it, though I cannot describe my emotions to you,
and perhaps they will be much more conceivable
if expressed in silence. (Cheers.)

When this office was proposed to me, some
of you know that I was not very ambitious to
accept it, at first. I was taught to believe
that there were more or less certain important
duties which would lie in my power. This, I
confess, was my chief motive in going into it —
at least, in reconciling the objections felt to such
things ; for if I can do anything to honour you
and my dear old Alma Mater, why should I not
do so ? (Loud cheers.) Well, but on practi-
cally looking into the matter when the office
actually came into my hands, I find it grows
more and more uncertain and abstruse to me
whether there is much real duty that I can do

128 ACCEPTANCE OF DUTIES. [April 2,

at all. I live four hundred miles away from you,
in an entirely different state of things ; and my
weak health — now for many years accumulating
upon me — and a total unacquaintance with such
subjects as concern your affairs here, — all this
fills me with apprehension that there is really
nothing worth the least consideration that I can
do on that score. You may, however, depend
upon it that if any such duty does arise in any
form, I will use my most faithful endeavour to
do whatever is right and proper, according to the
best of my judgment. (Cheers.)

In the meanwhile, the duty I have at present
— which might be very pleasant, but which is
quite the reverse, as you may fancy — is to ad-
dress some words to you on some subjects more
or less cognate to the pursuits you are engaged
in. In fact, I had meant to throw out some
loose observations — loose in point of order, I
mean — in such a way as they may occur to me
— the truths I have in me about the business you

1866.] WRITTEN SPEECHES. 1^9

are engaged in, the race you have started on,
\vhat kind of race it is you young gentlemen
have begun, and what sort of arena you are
likely to find in this world. I ought, I believe,
according to custom, to have written all that
down on paper, and had it read out. That
would have been much handier for me at the
present moment (a laugh), but when I attempted
to write, I found that I was not accustomed to
write speeches, and that I did not get on very
well. So I flung that away, and resolved to
trust to the inspiration of the moment — just to
what came uppermost. You will therefore have
to accept what is readiest, what comes 'direct
from the heart, and you must just take that in
compensation for any good order of arrange-
ment there might have been in it.

I will endeavour to say nothing that is not
true, as far as I can manage, and that is pretty
much all that I can engage for. (A laugh.)
Advices, I believe, to young men — and to all

130 IMPORTANCE OF DILIGENCE. [April, a,

men — are very seldom much valued. There is
a great deal of advising, and very little faithful
performing. And talk that does not end in any
kind of action, is better suppressed altogether,
I would -not, therefore, go much into advising ;
but there is one advice I must give you. It is,
in fact, the summary of all advices, and you
have heard it a thousand times, I dare say ; but
I must, nevertheless, let you hear it the thousand
and first time, for it is most intensely true,
whether you will believe it at present or not —
namely, that above all things the interest of your
own life depends upon being diligent now, while
it is called to-day, in this place where you have
come to get education. Diligent ! That includes
all virtues in it that a student can have ; I mean
to include in it all qualities that lead into the
acquirement of real instruction and improvement
in such a place. If you will believe me, you
who are young, yours is the golden season of
life. As you have heard it called, so it verily is,

i866.] HABITS OF STUDY. 131

the seed-time of life, in which, if you do not
sow, or if you sow tares instead of wheat, you
cannot expect to reap well afterwards, and you
will arrive at indeed little ; while in the course of
years, when you come to look back, and if you
have not done what you have heard from your
advisers — and among many counsellers there is
wisdom — you will bitterly repent when it is too
late. The habits of study acquired at Univer-
sities are of the highest importance in after-life.
At the season when you are in young years the
whole mind is, as it were, fluid, and is capable of
forming itself into any shape that the owner of
the mind pleases to order it to form itself into.
The mind is in a fluid state, but it hardens up
gradually to the consistency of rock or iron, and
you cannot alter the habits of an old man, but as
he has begun he will proceed and go on to the
last. By diligence, I mean among other things
— and very chiefly — honesty in all your inquiries

into what you are about. Pursue your studies

8 '

I38 CRAMMING. [April 2,

in the way your conscience calls honest. More
and more endeavour to do that. Keep, I mean
to say, an accurate separation of what you have
really come to know in your own minds, and
what is still unknown. Leave all that on the
hypothetical side of the barrier, as things
afterwards to be acquired, if acquired at all ;
and be careful not to stamp a thing as known
when you do not yet know it. Count a thing
known only when it is stamped on your mind,
so that you may survey it on all sides with in-
telligence.

There is such a thing as a man endeavouring
to persuade himself, and endeavouring to per-
suade others, that he knows about things when
he does not know more than the outside skin of
them ; and he goes flourishing about with them.
("Hear, hear," and a laugh.) There is also a
process called cramming in some Universities
(a laugh) — that is, getting up such points of
things as the examiner is likely to put questions

i866.] MORALITY OF STUD Y. 133

about. Avoid all that as entirely unworthy of
an honourable habit. Be modest, and humble,
and diligent in your attention to what your
teachers tell you, who are profoundly interested
in trying to bring you forward in the right way,
so far as they have been able to understand it.
Try_all things they set before you, in order, if
possible, to understand them, and to value them
in proportion to your fitness for them. Gradu-
ally see what kind of work you can do ; for it is
the first of all problems for a man to find out
what kind of work he is to do in this universe.
In fact, morality as regards study is, as in all
other things, the primary consideration, and
overrides all others. A dishonest man cannot
do anything real ; and it would be greatly better
if he were tied up from doing any such thing.
He does nothing but darken counsel by the
words he utters. That is a very old doctrine,
but a very true one ; and you will find it con-
firmed by all the thinking men that have ever

134 [April 2,

lived in this long series of generations of which
we are the latest.

I daresay you know, very many of you, that
it is now seven hundred years since Universities
were first set up in this world of ours. Abelard
and other people had risen up with doctrines in
them the people wished to hear of, and students
flocked towards them from all parts of the
world. There was no getting the thing recorded
in books as you may now. You had to hear
him speaking to you vocally, or else you could
not learn at all what it was that he wanted to
say. And so they gathered together the various
people who had anything to teach, and formed
themselves gradually, under the patronage of
kings and other potentates who were anxious
about the culture of their populations, nobly
anxious for their benefit, and became a Uni-
versity.

I daresay, perhaps, you have heard it said
that all that is greatly altered by the invention

1866.] THEOLOGY. 135

of printing, which took place about midway be-
tween us and the origin of Universities.. A man
has not now to go away to where a professor . is
actually speaking, because in most cases he can
get his doctrine out of him through a book, and
can read it, and read it again and again, and
study it. I don't know that I know of any way
in which the whole facts of a subject may be
more completely taken in, if our studies are
moulded in conformity with it. Nevertheless,
Universities have, and will continue to have, an
indispensable value in society — a very high
value. I consider the very highest interests of
man vitally intrusted to them.

In regard to theology, as you are aware, it has
been the study of the deepest heads that have
come into the world — what is the nature of this
stupendous universe, and what its relations to all
things, as known to man, and as only known to
the awful Author of it. In fact, the members
of the Church keep theology in a lively con-

136 USE OF UNIVERSITIES. [April 2,

dition (laughter), for the benefit of the whole
population, which is the great object of our
Universities. I consider it is the same now
intrinsically, though very much forgotten, from
many causes, and not so successful as might be
wished at all. (A laugh.) It remains, however,
a very curious truth, what has been said by
observant people, that the main use of the Uni-
versities in the present age is that, after you have
done with all your classes, the next thing is a
collection of books, a great library of good
books, which you proceed to study and to read.
What the Universities have mainly done — what
I have found the University did for me, was
that it taught me to read in various languages
and various sciences, so that I could go into the
books that treated of these things, and try any-
thing I wanted to make myself master of gradu-
ally, as I found it suit me. Whatever you may
think of all that, the clearest and most impera-
tive duty lies on every one of you to be assiduous

1866.] DISCRIMINA TION IN READING. 137

in your reading ; and learn to be good readers,
which is, perhaps, a more difficult thing than
you imagine. Learn to be discriminative in your
reading — to read all kinds of things that you
have an interest in, and that you find to be really
fit for what you are engaged in. Of course, at
the present time, in a great deal of the reading
incumbent on you you must be guided by the
books recommended to you by your professors
for assistance towards the prelections. And then,
when you get out of the University, and go into
studies of your own, you will find it very im-
portant that you have selected a field, a province
in which you can study and work.

The most unhappy of all men is the man that
cannot tell what he is going to do, that has got
no work cut out for him in the world, and does
not go into it. For work is the grand cure of
all the maladies and miseries that ever beset
mankind — honest work, which you intend getting
done. If you are in a strait, a very good indi-

138 REAL AND FALSE APPETITE. [April 2,

cation as to choice — perhaps the best you could
get — is a book you have a great curiosity about
You are then in the readiest and best of all pos<
sible conditions to improve by that book. It is
analogous to what doctors tell us about the
physical health and appetites of the patient.
You must learn to distinguish between false
appetite and real. There is such a thing as a
false appetite, which will lead a man into
vagaries with regard to diet, will tempt him
to eat spicy things which he should not eat
at all, and would not but that it is tooth-
some, and for the moment in baseness of mind.
A man ought to inquire and find out what he
really and truly has an appetite for — what suits
his constitution ; and that, doctors tell him, is the
very thing he ought to have in general. And
so with books. As applicable to almost all of
you, I will say that it is highly expedient to go
into history — to inquire into what has passed
before you in the families of men. The history

1866.] ROMAN AND GREEK HISTORY. 139

of the Romans and Greeks will first of all con-
cern you ; and you will find that all the know-
ledge you have got will be extremely applicable
to elucidate that. There you have the most
remarkable race of men in the world set before
you, to say nothing of the languages, which your
professors can better explain, and which, I be-
lieve, are admitted to be the most perfect orders
of speech we have yet found to exist among
men. And you will find, if you read well, a
pair of extremely remarkable nations shining in
the records left by themselves as a kind of
pillar to light up life in the darkness of the past
ages ; and it will be well worth your while if
you can get into the understanding of what these
people were and what they did. You will find a
great deal of hearsay, as I have found, that does
not touch on the matter ; but perhaps some of
you will get to see a Roman face to face ; you
will know in some measure how they contrived
to exist, and to perform these feats in the world ;

140 FERGUSON'S ROMAN HISTORY. [April 2,

I believe, also, you will find a thing not much
noted, that there was a very great deal of deep
religion in its form in both nations. That is
noted by the wisest of historians, and particu-
larly by Ferguson, who is particularly well worth
reading on Roman history ; and I believe he
was an alumnus in our own University. His
book is a very creditable book. He points out
the profoundly religious nature of the Roman
people, notwithstanding the wildness and fero-
ciousness of their nature. They believed that
Jupiter Optimus — Jupiter Maximus — was lord
of the universe, and that he had appointed the
Romans to become the chief of men, provided
they followed his commands — to brave all diffi-
culty, and to stand up with an invincible front —
to be ready to do and die ; and also to have the
same sacred regard to veracity, to promise, to
integrity, and all the virtues that surround that
noblest quality of men — courage — to which the
Romans gave, the name of virtue, manhood, as
the one thing ennobling for a man.

1866.] SOPHOCLES. 141

In the literary ages of Rome, that had very
much decayed away ; but still it had retained
its place among the lower classes of the Roman
people. Of the deeply religious nature of the
Greeks, along with their beautiful and sunny
effulgences of art, you have a striking proof, if
you look for it.

In the tragedies of Sophocles, there is a most
distinct recognition of the eternal justice of
Heaven, and the unfailing punishment of crime
against the laws of God.

I believe you will find in all histories that that
has been at the head and foundation of them all,
and that no nation that did not contemplate this
wonderful universe with an awe-stricken and
reverential feeling that there was a great un-
known, omnipotent, and all-wise, and all-virtuous
Being, superintending all men in it, and all inte-
rests in it — no nation ever came to very much,
nor did any man either, who forgot that. If a
man did forget that, he forgot the most impor-
tant part of his mission in this world.

142 OLIVER CROMWELL. [April 2,

In our own history of England, which you
will take a great deal of natural pains to make
yourselves acquainted with, you will find it
beyond all others worthy of your study ; because
I believe that the British nation — and I include
in them the Scottish nation — produced a finer
set of men than any you will find it possible to
get anywhere else in the world. (Applause.) I
don't know in any history of Greece or Rome
where you will get so fine a man as Oliver
Cromwell. (Applause.) And we have had men
worthy of memory in our little corner of the
island here as well as others, and our history has
been strong at least in being connected with the
world itself — for if you examine well you will
find that John Knox was the author, as it were,
of Oliver Cromwell ; that the Puritan revolution
would never have taken place in England at all
if it had not been for that Scotchman. (Ap-
plause.) This is an arithmetical fact, and is not
prompted by national vanity on my part at all

1866.] JOHN KNOX. 143

(Laughter and applause.) And it is very pos-
sible, if you look at the struggle that was going
on in England, as I have had to do in my time,
you will see that people were overawed with the
immense impediments lying in the way.

A small minority of God-fearing men in the
country were flying away with any ship they
could get to New England, rather than take the
lion by the beard. They durstn't confront the
powers with their most just complaint to be de-
livered from idolatry. They wanted to make
the nation altogether conformable to the Hebrew
Bible, which they understood to be according to
the will of God ; and there could be no aim
more legitimate. However, they could not have
got their desire fulfilled at all if Knox had not
succeeded by the firmness and nobleness of his
mind. For he is also of the select of the earth
to me — John Knox. (Applause.) What he has
suffered from the ungrateful generations that
have followed him should really make us humble

144 THE PURITAN STRUGGLE. [April 2,

ourselves to the dust, to think that the most ex-
cellent man our country has produced, to whom
we owe everything that distinguishes us among
modern nations, should have been sneered at and
abused by people. Knox was heard by Scotland
— the people heard him with the marrow of their
bones — they took up his doctrine, and they de-
fied principalities and powers to move them from
it. "We must have it," they said.

It was at that time the Puritan struggle arose
in England, and you know well that the Scottish
Earls and nobility, with their tenantry, marched
away to Dunse-hill, and sat down there ; and
just in the course of that struggle, when it was
either to be suppressed or brought into greater
vitality, they encamped on the top of Dunse-hill
thirty thousand armed men, drilled for that occa-
sion, each regiment around its landlord, its earl,
or whatever he might be called, and eager for
Christ's Crown and Covenant. That was the
signal for all England rising up into unappeas-

I866.J PROTECTORATE OF CROMWELL. 145

able determination to have the Gospel there
also, and you know it went on and came to be a
contest whether the Parliament or the King
should rule — whether it should be old formalities
and use and wont, or something that had been
of new conceived in the souls of men — namely,
a divine determination to walk according to the
laws of God here as the sum of all prosperity —
which of these should have the mastery ; and
after a long, long agony of struggle, it was
decided — the way we know. I should say also
of that Protectorate of Oliver Cromwell's — not-
withstanding the abuse it has encountered, and
the denial of everybody that it was able to get
on in the world, and so on — it appears to me to
have been the most salutary thing in the modern
history of England on the whole. If Oliver
Cromwell had continued it out, I don't know
what it would have come to. It would have got
corrupted perhaps in other hands, and could not
have gone on, but it was pure and true to the

146 DEM OCR A CY IMPOSSIBLE. [April 2,

last fibre in his mind — there was truth in it when
he ruled over it.

Machiavelli has remarked, in speaking about
the Romans, that democracy cannot exist any-
where in the world ; as a Government it is an
impossibility that it should be continued, and he
goes on proving that in his own way. I do not
ask you all to follow him in his conviction
(hear) ; but it is to him a clear truth that it is a
solecism and impossibility that the universal
mass of men should govern themselves. He
says of the Romans that they continued a long
time, but it was purely in virtue of this item in
their constitution — namely, that they had all the
conviction in their minds that it was solemnly
necessary at times to appoint a Dictator — a man
who had the power of life and death over every-
thing— who degraded men out of their places,
ordered them to execution, and did whatever
seemed to him good in the name of God above
him. He was commanded to take care that the

1866.] PROTECTORATE OF CROMWELL. 147

Republic suffered no detriment, and Machiavelli
calculates that that was the thing that purified
the social system from time to time, and enabled
it to hang on as it did — an extremely likely
thing if it was composed of nothing but bad and
tumultuous men triumphing in general over the
better, and all going the bad road, in fact. Well,
Oliver Cromweirs Protectorate, or Dictatorate if
you will, lasted for about ten years, and you will
find that nothing that was contrary to the laws
of Heaven was allowed to live by Oliver. (A
laugh, and applause.) For example, it was
found by his Parliament, called " Barebones"— -
the most zealous of all Parliaments probably —
(laughtej) — that the Court of Chancery in Eng-
land was in a state that was really capable of no
apology — no man could get up and say that
that wras a right court. There were, I think,
fifteen thousand or fifteen hundred — (laughter)
— I don't really remember which, but we shall
call it by the last (renewed laughter)— there

9

I48 THE COURT OF CHANCERY. [April 2,

were fifteen hundred cases lying in it undecided ;
and one of them, I remember, for a large amount
of money, was eighty-three years old, and it was
going on still. Wigs were waving over it, and
lawyers were taking their fees, and there was no
end of it, upon which the Barebones people,
after deliberation about it, thought it was expe-
dient, and commanded by the Author of Man
and the Fountain of Justice, and for the true
and right, to abolish the court. Really, I don't
know who could have dissented from that
opinion. At the same time, it was thought by
those who were wiser, and had more experience
of the world, that it was a very dangerous
thing, and would never suit at all. The lawyers
began to make an immense noise about it.
(Laughter.) All the public, the great mass of
solid and well-disposed people who had got no
deep insight into such matters, were very adverse
to it, and the president of it, old Sir Francis
Rous, who translated the Psalms — those that

1866.] S7£ FRANCIS ROUS. 149

we sing every Sunday in the church y^t — a very
good man and a wise man — the Provost of Eton
— he got the minority, or I don't know whether
or no he did not persuade the majority — he, at
any rate, got a great number of the Parliament
to go to Oliver the Dictator, and lay down their
functions altogether, and declare officially with
their signature on Monday morning that the
Parliament was dissolved.

The thing was passed on Saturday night, and
on Monday morning Rous came and said,
"We cannot carry on the affair any longer, and
we remit it into the hands of your Highness."
Oliver in that way became Protector a second
time.

I give you this as an instance that Oliver felt
that the Parliament that had been dismissed had
been perfectly right with regard to Chancery,
and that there was no doubt of the propriety of
abolishing Chancery, or reforming it in some
kind of way. He considered it, and this is what

150 OLIVER CROMWELL. [April 2,

he did. He assembled sixty of the wisest law-
yers to be found in England. Happily, there
were men great in the law — men who valued the
laws as much as anybody does now, I suppose.
(A laugh.) Oliver said to them, " Go and ex-
amine this thing, and in the name of God inform
me what is necessary to be done with regard to
it. . You will see how we may clean out the foul
things in it that render it poison to everybody."
Well, they sat down then, and in the course of
six weeks — there was no pfcblic speaking then,
no reporting of speeches, and no trouble of any
kind ; there was just the business in hand — they
got sixty propositions fixed in their minds of
the things that required to be done. And upon
these sixty propositions Chancery was reconsti-
tuted and remodelled, and so it has lasted to our
time. It had become a nuisance, and could not
have continued much longer.

That is an instance of the manner in which
things were done when a Dictatorship prevailed

1866.] HISTORIES OF ENGLAND. 151

in the country, and that was what the Dictator
did. Upon the whole, I do not think that, in
general, out of common history books, you will
ever get into the real history of this country, or
anything particular which it would beseem you
to know. You may read very ingenious and
very clever books by men whom it would be
the height of insolence in me to do any other
thing than express my respect for. But their
position is essentially sceptical. Man is un-
happily in that condition that he will make only
a temporary explanation of anything, and you
will not be able, if you are like the man, to
understand how this island came to be what
it is. You will not find it recorded in books.
You will find recorded in books a jumble of
tumults, disastrous ineptitudes, and all that kind
of thing. But to get what you want you will
have to look into side sources, and inquire in all
directions.

I remember getting Collins' Peerage to read —

152 COLLINSES PEERAGE. [April 2,

a very poor peerage as a work of genius, but an
excellent book for diligence and fidelity — I was
writing on Oliver Cromwell at the time. (Ap-
plause.) I could get no biographical dictionary,
and I thought the peerage book would help me,
at least tell me whether people were old or
young ; and about all persons concerned in the
actions about which I wrote. I got a great deal
of help out of poor Collins. He was a diligent
and dark London bookseller of about a hundred
years ago, who compiled out. of all kinds of
treasury chests, archives, books that were au-
thentic, and out of all kinds of things cut of
which he could get the information he wanted.
He was a very meritorious man. I not only
found the solution of anything I wanted there,
but I began gradually to perceive this immense
fact, which I really advise every one of you who
read history to look out for and read for — if he
has not found it — it was that the kings of Eng-
land all the way from the Norman Conquest

i866.]

GENEALOGIES.

'53

down to the times of Charles I. had appointed,
so far as they knew, those who deserved to be
appointed, peers. They were all Royal men,
with minds full of justice and valour and hu-
manity, and all kinds of qualities that are good
for men to have who ought to rule over others.
Then their genealogy was remarkable — and there
is a great deal more in genealogies than is gene-
rally believed at present.

I never heard tell of any clever man that came
out of entirely stupid people. If you look
around the families of your acquaintance, you
will see such cases in all directions. I know that
it has been the case in mine. I can trace the
father, and the son, and the grandson, and the

~"~*i^^^^^""~~r

family jtamp is quite distinctly legible uponeach
of them, SQ that it goes for a great^ deal — the
hereditary principle in Government as in other
things ; and it must be recognised so soon as
there is any fixity in things.

You will remark that if at any time the genea-

154 PEERS IN THE OLD TIME. [April 2,

logy of a peerage fails — if the man that actually
holds the peerage is a fool in these earnest
striking times, the man gets into mischief and
gets into treason — he gets himself extinguished
altogether, in fact. (Laughter.)

From these documents of old Collins it seems
that a peer conducts himself in a solemn, good,
pious, manly kind of way when he takes leave
of life, and when he has hospitable habits, and
is valiant in his procedure throughout ; and that
in general a King, with a noble approximation
to what was right, had nominated this man,
saying " Come you to me, sir ; come out of the
common level of the people, where you are
liable to be trampled upon ; come here and take
a district of country and make it into your own
image more or less ; be a king under me, and
understand that that is your function." I say
this is the most divine thing that a human being
can do to other human beings, and no kind of
being whatever has so much of the character of

1 866.] DEGENERACY OF THE PEERAGE. 155

God Almighty's Divine Government as that
thing we see that went all over England, and
that is the grand soul of England's history.

It is historically true that down to the time of
Charles I., it was not understood that any man
was made a peer without having a merit in him
to constitute him a proper subject for a peerage.
In Charles I.'s time it grew to be known or said
that if a man was by birth a gentleman, and was
worth £10,000 a-year, and bestowed his gifts up
and down among courtiers, he could be made a
peer. Under Charles II. it went on with still
more rapidity, and has been going on with ever
increasing velocity until we see the perfect
break-neck pace at which they are now going.
(A laugh.) And now a peerage is a paltry kind
of thing to what it was in these old times. I
could go into a great many more details about
things of that sort, but I must turn to another
branch of the subject.

One remark more about your reading. I do

156 SHEEP AND GOAT BOOKS. [April 2,

not know whether it has been sufficiently
brought home to you that there are two kinds
of books. When a man is reading on any kind
of subject, in most departments of books — in all
books, if you take it in a wide sense — you will
find that there is a division of good books and
bad books — there is a good kind of a book and
a bad kind of a book. I am not to assume that
you are all ill acquainted with this ; but I may
remind you that it is a very important con-
sideration at present. It casts aside altogether
the idea that people have that if they are read-
ing any book — that if an ignorant man is read-
ing any book, he is doing rather better than
nothing at all. I entirely call that in question.
I even venture to deny it. (Laughter and
cheers.) It would be much safer and better
would he have no concern with books at all
than with some of them. You know these are
my views. There are a number, an increasing
number, of books that are decidedly to him not

1866.J SHEEP AND GOAT BOOKS. 157

useful. (Hear.) But he will learn also that a
certain number of books were written by a
supreme, noble kind of people — not a very
great number — but a great number adhere more
or less to that side of things. In short, as I have
written it down somewhere else, I conceive that
books are like men's souls — divided into sheep
and goats. (Laughter and applause.) Some
of them are calculated to be of very great advan-
tage in teaching — in forwarding the teaching of
all generations. Others are going down, down,
doing more and more, wilder and wilder mischief.
And for the rest, in regard to all your studies
here, and whatever you may learn, you are to
remember that the object is not particular
knowledge — that you are going to get higher
in technical perfections, and all that sort of
thing. There is a higher aim lies at the rear of
all that, especially among those who are in-
tended for literary, for speaking pursuits — the
sacred profession. You are ever to bear in mind

15$ ENDOWMENTS. [April 2,

that there lies behind that the acquisition of
what may be called wisdom — namely, sound
appreciation and just decision as to all the ob-
jects that come round about you, and the habit of
behaving with justice and wisdom. In short, great
is wisdom — great is the value of wisdom. It can-
not be exaggerated. The highest achievement of
man — " Blessed is he that getteth understand-
ing." And that, I believe, occasionally may be
missed very easily ; but never more easily than
now, I think. If that is a failure, all is a
failure. However, I will not touch further upon
that matter.

In this University I learn from many sides
that there is a great and considerable stir about
endowments. Oh, I should have said in regard
to book reading, if it be so very important, how
very useful would an excellent library be in
every University. I hope that will not be neg-
lected by those gentlemen who have charge of
you — and, indeed, I am happy to hear that your

1866.] ENDOWMENTS. 159

library is very much improved since the time I
knew it ; and I hope it will go on improving
more and more. You require money to do that,
and you require also judgment in the selectors
of the books — pious insight into what is really
for the advantage of human souls, and the ex-
clusion of all kinds of clap-trap books which
merely excite the astonishment of foolish peo-
ple. (Laughter.) Wise books — as much as pos-
sible good books.

As I was saying, there appears to be a great
demand for endowments — an assiduous and
praiseworthy industry for getting new funds
collected for encouraging the ingenious youth
of Universities, especially in this the chief Uni-
versity of the country. (Hear, hear.) Well, I
entirely participate in everybody's approval of
the movement. It is very desirable. It should
be responded to, and one expects most assuredly
will. At least, if it is not, it will be shameful to
the country of Scotland, which never was so rich

160 GOLD-NUGGETING. [April 2,

in money as at the present moment, and never
stood so much in need of getting noble Univer-
sities to counteract many influences that are
springing up alongside of money. It should not
be backward in coming forward in the way of
endowments (a laugh) — at least, in rivalry to our
rude old barbarous ancestors, as we have been
pleased to call them. Such munificence as
theirs is beyond all praise, to whom I am sorry
to say we are not yet by any manner of means
equal or approaching equality. (Laughter.)
There is an overabundance of money, and some-
times I cannot help thinking that, probably,
never has there been at any other time in Scot-
land the hundredth part of the money that now
is, or even the thousandth part, for wherever I
go there is that gold-nuggeting (a laugh) — that
prosperity.

Many men are counting their balances by
millions. Money was never so abundant, and
nothing that is good to be done with it. (" Hear,

i866.] ENDOWMENTS. 161

hear," and a laugh.) No man knows — or very
few men know — what benefit to get out of his
money. In fact, it too often is secretly a curse
to him. Much better for him never to have had
any. But I do not expect that generally to be
believed. (Laughter.) Nevertheless, I should
think it a beautiful relief to any man that has
an honest purpose struggling in him to bequeath
a handsome house of refuge, so to speak, for
some meritorious man who may hereafter be
born into the world, to enable him a little to get
on his way. To do, in fact, as those old Nor-
man kings whom I have described to you — to
raise a Jiian out of the dirt and mud where he
is getting trampled, unworthily on his part, into
some kind of position where he may acquire the
power to do some good in his generation. I
hope that as much as possible will be done in
that way; that efforts will not be relaxed till
the thing is in a satisfactory state. At the same
time, in regard to the classical department of

162 ENDOWMENTS. [April 2,

things, it is to be desired that it were properly
supported — that we could allow people to go
and devote more leisure possibly to the cultiva-
tion of particular departments.

We might have more of this from Scotch
Universities than we have. I am bound, how-
ever, to say that it does not appear as if of
late times endowment was the real soul of the
matter. The English, for example, are the
richest people for endowments on the face of
the earth in their Universities ; and it is a re-
markable fact that since the time of Bentley
you cannot name anybody that has gained a
great name in scholarship among them, or con-
stituted a point of revolution in the pursuits of
men in that way. The man that did that is a
man worthy of being remembered among men,
although he may be a poor man, and not en-
dowed with worldly wealth. One man that ac-
tually did constitute a revolution was tho son of
a poor weaver in Saxony, who edited his " Ti-

1866.] HEYNES VIRGIL. 163

bullus " in Dresden in the room of a poor
comrade, and who, while he was editing his
"Tibullus," had to gather his pease-cod shells
on the streets and boil them for his dinner.
That was his endowment. But he was recog-
nised soon to have done a great thing. His
name was Heyne.

I can remember it was quite a revolution in
my mind when I got hold of that man's book
on Virgil. I found that for the first time I had
understood him — that he had introduced me for
the first time into an insight of Roman life, and
pointed out the circumstances in which these
were written, and here was interpretation ; and
it has gone on in all manner of development,
and has spread out into other countries.

Upon the whole, there is one reason why
endowments are not given now as they were in
old days, when they founded abbeys, colleges,
and all kinds of things of that description, with
such success as we know. All that has changed

10

I04 FINE SPEECH. [April 2,

now. Why that has decayed away may in part
be that people have become doubtful that col-
leges are now the real sources of that which I
call wisdom, whether they are anything more— •
anything much more-^than a cultivating of man
in the specific arts. In fact, there has been a
suspicion of that kind in the world for a long
time. (A laugh.) That is an old saying, 'an
old proverb, " An ounce of mother wit is worth
a pound of clergy." (Laughter.) There is a
suspicion that a man is perhaps not nearly so
wise as he looks, or because he has poured out
speech so copiously. (Laughter.)

When the seven free Arts on which the old
Universities were based came to be modified a
little, in order to be convenient for or to pro-
mote the wants of modern society — though,
perhaps, some of them are obsolete enough even
yet for some of us — there arose a feeling that
mere vocality, mere culture of speech, if that is
what comes out of a man, though he may be a

i866.] FINE SPEECH. 165

great speaker, an eloquent orator, yet there is
no real substance there — if that is what was re-
quired and aimed at by the man himself, and by
the community that set him upon becoming a
learned man. Maid-servants, I hear people
complaining, are getting instructed in the " olo-
gies," and so on, and are apparently totally igno-
rant of brewing, boiling, and baking (laughter) ;
above all things, not taught what is necessary
to be known, from the highest to the lowest —
strict obedience, humility, and correct moral
conduct. Oh, it is a dismal chapter, all that, if
one went into it !

What has been done by rushing after fine
speech ? I have written down some very fierce
things about that, perhaps considerably more
emphatic than I would wish them to be now ;
but they are deeply my conviction. (Hear,
hear.) There is very great necessity indeed of
getting a little more silent than we are. It
seems to me the finest nations of the world —

1 66 DEMOSTHENES. [April 2,

the English and the American — are going all
away into wind and tongue. (Applause and
laughter.) But it will appear sufficiently tragical
by-and-bye, long after I am away out of it.
Silence is the eternal duty of a man. He wont
get to any real understanding of what is com-
plex, and, what is more than any other, perti-
nent to his interests, without maintaining silence.
" Watch the tongue," is a very old precept, and
a most true one. I do not want to discourage
any of you from your Demosthenes, and your
studies of the niceties of language, and all that.
Believe me, I value that as much as any of you.
I consider it a very graceful thing, and a proper
thing, for every human creature to know what
the implement which he uses in communicating
his thoughts is, and how to make the very ut-
most of it. I want you to study Demosthenes,
and know all his excellencies. At the same
time, I must say that speech does not seem to
me, on the whole, to have turned to any good
account.

I866.J PHOCION. 167

\\'hy tell me that a man is a fine speaker if
it is not the truth that he is speaking ? Phocion,
who did not speak at all, was a great deal nearer
hitting the mark than Demosthenes. (Laughter.)
He used to tell the Athenians — " You can't fight
Philip. You have not the slightest chance with
him. He is a man who holds his tongue ; he
has great disciplined armies ; he can brag any-
body you like in your cities here ; and he is
going on steadily with an unvarying aim towards
his object : and he will infallibly beat any kind
of men such as you, going on raging from shore
to shore with all that rampant nonsense." De-
mosthenes said to him one day — "The Athe-
nians will get mad some day and kill you."
" Yes," Phocion says, " when they are mad ;
and you as soon as they get sane again."
(Laughter.)

It is also told about him going to Messina on
some deputation that the Athenians wanted on
some kind of matter of an intricate and conten-

168 PHOCION. [April ^

tious nature, that Phocion went with some story
in his mouth to speak about. He was a man of
few words — no unveracity ; and after he had
gone on telling the story a certain time there
was one burst of interruption. One man inter-
rupted with something he tried to answer, and
then another; and, finally, the people began
bragging and bawling, and no end of debate, till
it ended in the want of power in the people to
say any more. Phocion drew back altogether,
struck dumb, and would not speak another word
to any man ; and he left it to them to decide in
any way they liked.

It appears to me there is a kind of eloquence
in that which is equal to anything Demosthenes
ever said — " Take your own way, and let me out
altogether." (Applause.)

All these considerations, and manifold more
connected with them — innumerable considera-
tions, resulting from observation of the world at
this moment— nave led many people to doubt ef

1 866. ] hLOQ UENT SPF.A KING. 1 69

the salutary effect of vocal education altogether.
I do not mean to say it should be entirely ex-
cluded ; but I look to something that will take
hold of the matter much more closely, and not
allow it slip out of our fingers, and remain worse
than it was. For if a good speaker — an elo-
quent speaker — is not speaking the truth, is
there a more horrid kind of object in creation ?
(Loud cheers.) Of such speech I hear all
manner and kind of people say it is excellent ;
but I care very little about how he said it, pro-
vided I understand it, and it be true. Excellent
speaker ! but what if he is telling me things that
are untrue, that are not the fact about it — if he
has formed a wrong judgment about it — if he
has no judgment in his mind to form a right
conclusion in regard to the matter ? An excel-
lent speaker of that kind is, as it were, saying —
" Ho, every one that wants to be persuaded of
the thing that is not true, come hither." (Great
laughter and applause.) I would recommend

170 GOETHE'S WILHELM MEISTER. [April 2,

you to be very chary of that kind of excellent
speech, (Renewed laughter.)

Well, all that being the too well-known pro-
duct of our method of vocal education — the
mouth merely operating on the tongue of the
pupil, and teaching him to wag it in a particular
way (laughter) — it had made a great many
thinking men entertain a very great distrust of
this not very salutary way of procedure, and
they have longed for some kind of practical way
of working out the business. There would be
room for a great deal of description about it if
I went into it ; but I must content myself with
saying that the most remarkable piece of reading
that you may be recommended to take and try
if you can study is a book by Goethe — one of
his last books, which he wrote when he was an
old man, about seventy years of age — I think
one of the most beautiful he ever wrote, full of
mild wisdom, and which is found to be very
touching by those who have eyes to discern and

1866.] WILHELM MEISTEtfS TRA VELS. 171

hearts to feel it. It is one of the -pieces in
" Wilhelm Meister's Travels." I read it through
many years ago ; and, of course, I had to read
into it very hard when I was translating it
(applause), and it has always dwelt in my mind
as about the most remarkable bit of writing that
I have known to be executed in these late cen-
turies. I have often said, there are ten pages
of that which, if ambition had been my only
rule, I would rather have written than have
written all the books that have appeared since I
came into the world. (Cheers.) Deep, deep is
the meaning of what is said there. They turn
on the Christian religion and the religious phe-
nomena of Christian life — altogether sketched
out in the most airy, graceful, delicately-wise
kind of way, so as to keep himself out of the
common controversies of the street and of the
forum, yet to indicate what was the result of
things he had been long meditating upon.
Among others, he introduces, in an aerial, flighty

t?2 WILHELM MEISTER'S TRAVELS. [April 2,

kind of way, here and there a touch which grows
into a beautiful picture- — a scheme of entirely
mute education, at least with no more speech
than is absolutely necessary for what they have
to do.

Three of the wisest men that can be got are
met to consider what is the function which tran-
scends all others in importance to build up the
young generation, which shall be free from all
that perilous stuff that has been weighing us
down and clogging every step, and which is the
only thing wre can hope to go on with if we would
leave the world a little better, and not the worse
of our having been in it for those who are to
follow. The man who is the eldest of the three
says to Goethe, " You give by nature to the well-
formed children you bring into the world a great
many precious gifts, and very frequently these
are best of all developed by nature herself, with
a very slight assistance where assistance is seen
to be wise and profitable, and forbearance very

iS56.] REVERENCE. 173

often on the part of the overlooker of the pro-
cess of education ; but there is one thing that no
child brings into the world with it, and without
which all other things are of no use." Wilhelm,
who is there beside him, says, " What is that ?"
"All who enter the world want it," says the
eldest ; " perhaps you yourself." Wilhelm says,
"Well, tell me what it is." "It is," says the
eldest, " reverence — Ehrfurcht — Reverence !
Honour done to those who are grander and
better than you, without fear; distinct from
fear." Ehrfurcht — " the soul of all religion that
ever has been among men, or ever will be." And
he goes into practicality. He practically dis-
tinguishes the kinds of religion that are in the
world, and he makes out three reverences. The
boys are all trained to go through certain gesti-
culations, to lay their hands on their breast and
look up to heaven, and they give their three
reverences. The first and simplest is that of
reverence for what is above us. It is the soul of

1 74 RE VERENCE. [April 2,

all the Pagan religions ; there is nothing better
in man than that. Then there is reverence for
what is around us or about us — reverence for our
equals, and to which he attributes an immense
power in the culture of man. The third is
reverence for what is beneath us — to learn to
recognise in pain, sorrow, and contradiction, even
in those things, odious as they are to flesh and
blood — to learn that there lies in these a priceless
blessing. And he defines that as being the soul
of the Christian religion — the highest of all
religions ; a height, as Goethe says — and that is
very true, even to the letter, as I consider — a
height to which the human species was fated
and enabled to attain, and from which, having
once attained it, it can never retrograde. It
cannot descend down below that permanently,
Goethe's idea is.

Often one thinks it was good to have a faith
of that kind — that always, even in the most
degraded, sunken, and unbelieving times, he cal-

1 866.] GOETHE. 175

culates there will be found some few souls who
will recognise what that meant ; and that the
world, having once received it, there is no fear of
its retrograding. He goes on then to tell us the
way in which they seek to teach boys, in the
sciences particularly, whatever the boy is fit for.
Wilhelm left his own boy there, expecting they
would make him a Master of Arts, or something
of that kind ; and when he came back for him
he saw a thundering cloud of dust coming over
the plain, of which he could make nothing. It
turned out to be a tempest of wild horses,
managed by young lads who had a turn for
hunting with their grooms. His own son was
among them, and he found that the breaking of
colts was the thing he was most suited for.
(Laughter.) This is what Goethe calls Art,
which I should not make clear to you by any
definition unless it is clear already. (A laugh.)
I would not attempt to define it as music,
painting, and poetry, and so on ; it is in quite a

1 76 WISE ED UCA TION. [April 2,

higher sense than the common one, and in
which, I am afraid, most of our painters, poets,
and music men would not pass muster. (A
laugh.) He considers that the highest pitch to
which human culture can go ; and he watches
with great industry how it is to be brought
about with men who have a turn for it.

Very wise and beautiful it is. It gives one an
idea that something greatly better is possible for
man in the world. I confess it seems to me it is
a shadow of what will come, unless the world is
to come to a conclusion that is perfectly fright-
ful ; some kind of scheme of education like that,
presided over by the wisest and most sacred
men that can be got in the world, and watching
from a distance — a training in practicality at
every turn ; no speech in it except that speech
that is to be followed by action, for that ought
to be the rule as nearly as possible among them.
For rarely should men speak at all unless it is
to say that thing that is to be done ; and let him

1 866.] DRILL. 177

go and do his part in it, and to say no more
about it. I should say there is nothing in the
world you can conceive so difficult, prima facie,
as that of getting a set of men gathered to-
gether— rough, rude, and ignorant people —
gather them together, promise them a shilling a
day, rank them up, give them very severe and
sharp drill, and by bullying and drill — for the
word "drill" seems as if it meant the treatment
that would force them to learn — they learn what
it is necessary to learn ; and there is the man, a
piece of an animated machine, a wonder of
wonders to look at. He will go and obey one
man, and walk into the cannon's mouth for him,
and do anything whatever that is commanded of
him by his general officer. And I believe all
manner of things in this way could be done if
there were anything like the same attention
bestowed. Very many things could be regi-
mented and organized into the mute system of
education that Goethe evidently adumbrates

178 A TROUBLOUS EPOCH. [April 2,

there. But I believe, when people look into it,
it will be found that they will not be very long
in trying to make some efforts in that direction ;
for the saving of human labour, and the
avoidance of human misery, would be uncount-
able if it were set about and begun even in
part.

Alas ! it is painful to think how very far away
it is — any fulfilment of such things ; for I need
not hide from you, young gentlemen — and that
is one of the last things I am going to tell you
—that you have got into a very troublous epoch
of the world ; and I don't think you will find it
improve the footing you have, though you have
many advantages which we had not. You have
careers open to you, by public examinations and
so on, which is a thing much to be approved,
and which we hope to see perfected more and
more. All that was entirely unknown in my
time, and you have many things to recognise as
advantages. But you will find the ways of the

1 866. ] THE A GE OF RE VOL UTIONS. \ 79

world more anarchical than ever, I think. As
far as I have noticed, revolution has come upon
us. We have got into the age of revolutions.
All kinds of things are coming to be subjected
to fire, as it were ; hotter and hotter the wind
rises around everything.

Curious to say, now in Oxford and other
places that used to seem to li»e at anchor in the
stream of time, regardless of all changes, they
are getting into the highest humour of mutation,
and all sorts of new ideas are getting afloat. It
is evident that whatever is not made of asbestos
will have to be burnt in this world. It will not
stand the heat it is getting exposed to. And in
saying that, it is but saying in other words that
we are in an epoch of anarchy — anarchy plus the
constable. (Laughter.) There is nobody that
picks one's pocket without some policeman being
ready to take him up. (Renewed laughter.)
But in every other thing he is the son, not of
Kosmos, but of Chaos. He is a disobedient, and

II

i8o MAKING THE CROOKED STRAIGHT. [April 2,

reckless, and altogether a waste kind of object —
a commonplace man in these epochs ; and the
wiser kind of man — the select, of whom I hope
you will be part — has more and more a set time
to it to look forward, and will require to move
with double wisdom ; and will find, in short, that
the crooked things that he has to pull straight in
his own life, or round about, wherever he may
be, are manifold, and will task all his strength
wherever he may go.

But why should I complain of that either ? —
for that is a thing a man is born to in all
epochs. He is born to expend every particle of
strength that God Almighty has given him, in
doing the work he finds he is fit for — to stand
it out to the last breath of life, and do his best.
We are called upon to do that ; and the reward
we all get — which we are perfectly sure of if we
have merited it — is that we have got the work
done, or, at least, that we have tried to do the
work ; for that is a great blessing in itself ; and

1 866.] FOOD AND RAIMENT. 181

I should say there is not very much more
reward than that going in this world. If the
man gets meat and clothes, what matters it
whether he have £10,000, or £10,000,000, or £70
a-year. He can get meat and clothes for that ;
and he will find very little difference intrinsi-
cally, if he is a wise man.

I warmly second the advice of the wisest of
men — " Don't be ambitious ; don't be at all
too desirous to success ; be loyal and modest."
Cut down the proud towering thoughts that you
get into you, or see they be pure as well as high.
There is a nobler ambition than the gaining of
all California would be, or the getting of all the
suffrages that are on the planet just now. (Loud
and prolonged cheers.)

Finally, gentlemen, I have one advice to give
you, which is practically of very great impor-
tance, though a very humble one.

I have no doubt you will have among you
people ardently bent to consider life cheap, for

1 82 HEALTH. [April 2,

the purpose of getting forward in what they are
aiming at of high ; and you are to consider
throughout, much more than is done at present,
that health is a thing to be attended to con-
tinually— that you are to regard that as the very
highest of all temporal things for you.' (Ap-
plause.) There is no kind of achievement you
could make in the world that is equal to perfect
health. What are nuggets and millions ? The
French financier said, " Alas ! why is there no
sleep to be sold ?" . Sleep was not in the market
at any quotation. (Laughter and applause.)

It is a curious thing that I remarked long ago,
and have often turned in my head, that the old
word for " holy " in the German language —
heilig — also means "healthy." And so Heil-
bronn means " holy-well," or " healthy-well."
We have in the Scotch " hale ;" and, I suppose
our English word "whole" — with a "w"— all of
one piece, without any hole in it — is the same
word. I find that you could not get any better

1 866.) HE ALT IT. 183

definition of what " holy " really is than
" healthy — completely healthy." Mens sana in
corpore sano. (Applause.)

A man with his intellect a clear, plain, geo-
metric mirror, brilliantly sensitive of all objects
and impressions around it, and imagining all
things in their correct proportions — not twisted
up into convex or concave, and distorting every-
thing, so that he cannot see the truth of the
matter without endless groping and manipula-
tion— healthy, clear, and free, and all round
about him. We never can attain that at all.
In fact, the operations we have got into are
destructive of it. You cannot, if you are going
to do any decisive intellectual operation — if you
are going to write a book — at least, I never
could — without getting decidedly made ill by it,
and really you must if it is your business — and
you must follow out what you are at — and it
sometimes is at the expense of health. Only
remember at all times to get back as fast as

184 KNOX'S HUMOUR. [April a,

possible out of it into health, and regard the real
equilibrium as the centre of things. You should
always look at the heilig, which means holy, and
holy means healthy.

Well, that old etymology — what a lesson it
is against certain gloomy, austere, ascetic
people, that have gone about as if this world
were all a dismal-prison house ! It has, indeed,
got all the ugly things in it that I have been
alluding to ; but there is an eternal sky over it,
and the blessed sunshine, verdure of spring, and
rich autumn, and all that in it, too. Piety does
not mean that a man should make a sour face
about things, and refuse to enjoy in moderation
what his Maker has given. Neither do you
find it to have been so with old Knox. If you
look into him you will find a beautiful Scotch
humour in him, as well as the grimmest and
sternest truth when necessary, and a great deal
of laughter. We find really some of the sun-
niest glimpses of things come out of Knox that

x866.] KNOX*S REFORMATION. 185

I have seen in any man; for instance, in his
" History of the Reformation," which is a book
I hope every one of you will read — a glorious
book.

On the whole, I would bid you stand up to
your work, whatever it may be, and not be
afraid of it — not in sorrows or contradiction to
yield, but pushing on towards the goal. And
don't suppose that people are hostile to you in
the world. You will rarely find anybody de^
signedly doing you ill. You may feel often as
if the whole world is obstructing you, more or
less ; but you will find that to be because the
world is travelling in a different way from you,
a;nd rushing on in its own path. Each man has
only an extremely good-will to himself — which
he has a right to have — and is moving on to-
wards his object. Keep out of literature as a
general rule, I should say also. (Laughter.)
If you find many people who are hard and in-
different to you in a world that you considei

186 A SONG OF GOETHE. [April 2,

to be unhospitable and cruel — as often, indeed,
happens to a tender-hearted, stirring young
creature — you will also find there are noble
hearts who will look kindly on you, and their
help will be precious to you beyond price. You
will get good and evil as you go on, and have
the success that has been appointed to you.

I will wind up with a small bit of verse that
is from Goethe also, and has often gone through
my mind. To me it has the tone of a modern
psalm in it in some measure. It is sweet and
clear. The clearest of sceptical men had not
anything like so clear a mind as that man had
— freer from cant and misdirected notion of any
kind than any man in these ages has been.
This is what the poet says : —

The Future hides in it
Gladness and sorrow :
We press still thorow ;
Nought that abides in it
Daunting us — Onward !

1866.] A SONG OF GOETHE. 187

And solemn before us,
Veiled, the dark Portal,
Goal of all mortal.
Stars silent rest o'er us— •
Graves under us, silent.

While earnest thou gazest
Comes boding of terror,
Come phantasm and error ;
Perplexes the bravest
With doubt and misgiving.

But heard are the voices,
Heard are the Sages,
The Worlds and the Ages :
" Choose well : your choice is
Brief, and yet endless."

Here eyes do regard you
In Eternity's stillness ;
Here is all fulness,
Ye brave, to reward you.
Work, and despair not.*

1 Originally published in Carlyle's "Past and Present,"
(Lond. 1843,) p. 318, and introduced there by the following
words : —

" My candid readers, we will march out of this Third Book
with a rhythmic word of Goethe's on our tongue ; a word which

1 88 A SONG OF GOETHE. [April 2,

One last word, Wir heissen euch hoffen — we
bid you be of hope. Adieu for this time.

perhaps has already sung itself, in dark hours and in bright,
through many a heart. To me, finding it devout yet wholly
credible and veritable, full of piety yet free of cant ; to me
joyfully finding much in it, and joyfully missing so much in it,
this little snatch of music, by the greatest German man, sounds
like a stanza in the grand Road Song and Marching Song of our
great Teutonic kindred, — wending, wending, valiant and victo-
rious, through the undiscovered Deeps of Time !"

The original runs as follows : —

Die Zukunft decket
Schmerzen und Glticke.
Schrittweis' dem Blicke,
Doch ungeschrecket
Dringen wir vorwarts.

Und schwer und schwerer
Hangt eine Hiille
Mit Ehrfurcht. Stille
Ruhn oben die Sterne
Und unten die Graber.

Betracht' sie genauer
Und siehe, so melden
Im Busen der Helden
Sich wandelnde Schauer
Und ernste Gefuhle.

1866.] A SONG OF GOETHE. 189

Doch rufen von driibcn
Die Stimmen der Geister
Die Stimmen der Meister :
Versaumt nicht zu iiben
Die Krafte des Guten.

Hier winden sich Kronen
In ewiger btille,
Die sollen mit Fiille
Die Thatigen lohnen !
Wir heisseu euch hoffen-

THE MORAL PHILOSOPHY CHAIR IN
EDINBURGH UNIVERSITY.

| HE following is a letter addressed by Mr.
Carlyle to Dr. Hutchison Stirling, late
one of the candidates for the Chair of Moral
Philosophy in the University of Edinburgh :—

"Chelsea, 1 6th June, 1868.

" DEAR STIRLING,—

"You well know how reluctant I have
been to interfere at all in the election now close
on us, and that in stating, as bound, what my
own clear knowledge of your qualities was, I
have strictly held by that, and abstained from
more. But the news I now have from Edin-

1868.] LETTER TO J. H. STIRLING. 191

burgh is of such a complexion, so dubious, and
so surprising to me ; and I now find I shall pri-
vately have so much regret in a certain event —
which seems to be reckoned possible, and to
depend on one gentleman of the seven — that, to
secure my own conscience in the matter, a few
plainer words seem needful. To whatever I
have said of you already, therefore, I now volun-
teer to add, that I think you not only the one
man in Britain capable of bringing Metaphysical
Philosophy, in the ultimate, German or Euro-
pean, and highest actual form of it, distinctly
home to the understanding of British men who
wish to understand it, but that I notice in you
farther, on the moral side, a sound strength of
intellectual discernment, a noble valour and
reverence of mind, which seems to me to mark
you out as the man capable of doing us the
highest service in Ethical science too : that of
restoring, or decisively beginning to restore, the
doctrine oi morals to what I must ever reckon

i9* LETTER TO J. H. STIRLING. [1868.

its one true and everlasting basis (namely, the
divine or supra-sensual one), and thus of vic-
toriously reconciling and rendering identical the
latest dictates of modern science with the
earliest dawnings of wisdom among the race of
men.

" This is truly my opinion, and how important
to me, not for the sake of Edinburgh University
alone, but of the whole world for ages to come,
I need not say to you ! I have not the honour
of any personal acquaintance with Mr. Adam
Black, late member for Edinburgh, but for fifty
years back have known him, in the distance,
and by current and credible report, as a man of
solid sense, independence, probity, and public
spirit ; and if, in your better knowledge of the
circumstances, you judge it suitable to read this
note to him — to him, or indeed to any other
person — you are perfectly at liberty to do so.
" Yours sincerely always,

" T, CARLYLE,"

FAREWELL LETTER TO THE STUDENTS.

R. CARLYLE, ex-Lord Rector of the
University of Edinburgh, being asked
before the expiration of his term of office, to
deliver a valedictory address to the students, he
sent the following letter to Mr. Robertson, Vice-
President of the Committee for his election : —

" Chelsea, December 6, 1868.

" DEAR SIR,—

" I MUCH regret that a valedictory speech
from me, in present circumstances, is a thing I
must not think of. Be pleased to advise the
young gentlemen who were so friendly to\rards
me that I have already sent them, in silence, but

194 FAREWELL LETTER. [Dec. 8,

with emotions deep enough, perhaps too deep,
my loving farewell, and that ingratitude or want
of regard is by no means among the causes that
keep me absent. With a fine youthful enthu-
siasm, beautiful to look upon, they bestowed on
me that bit of honour, loyally all they had ; and
it has now, for reasons one and another, become
touchingly memorable to me — touchingly, and
even grandly and tragically — never to be for-
gotten for the remainder of my life. Bid them,
in my name, if they still love me, fight the good
fight, and quit themselves like men in the war-
fare to which they are as if conscript and con-
secrated, and which lies ahead. Tell them to
consult the eternal oracles (not yet inaudible,
nor ever to become so, when worthily inquired
of) ; and to disregard, nearly altogether, in com-
parison, the temporary noises, menacings, and
deliriums. May they love wisdom, as wisdom,
if she is to yield her treasures, must be loved,
piously, valiantly, humbly, beyond life itself, or

1 868.] FAREWELL LETTER. 79$

the prizes of life, with all one's heart and all
one's soul. In that case (I will say again), and
not in any other case, it shall be well with
them.

"Adieu, my young friends, a long adieu, yours
with great sincerity,

« T. CARLYIJR."

INDEX.

Abelard, 134.

Anspach's History of Newfoundland, 19.

Arnold, Thomas, visits the field of Naseby with Carlyle, 69.

Baillie, Joanna, her Metrical Legends, 19.

Bentley, Richard, the last of English scholars, 162.

Black, Adam, 192.

Braidwood Testimonial, 91.

Brewster, Sir David, his Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 16 ; writes
a Preface to Carlyle's Translation of Legendre, 19 ; pre-
sides at Carlyle's installation as Rector of Edinburgh Uui^
versity, 96, IO2.

Buchanan, George, 53.

Buller, Charles, Carlyle becomes tutor to, 21 ; his death, 80 ;
Carlyle's tribute to, 81.

Burns, Robert, 73.

198 INDEX.

Carlyle, Jane Welsh, Goethe's verses to, 26 ; described by Mar-
garet Fuller, 75; death of, 115; funeral, 116; inscription
on her tombstone, 117.

Carlyle, Thomas, birth and parentage, 14; early studies, 15;
his marriage, 23 ; life at Craigenputtoch, 24 ; removes to
London, 31 ; his affection for Leigh Hunt, 32 ; letter to an
Indian correspondent, 46; his lectures, 51; advice to a
young man, 60 ; defence of Mazzini, 65 ; visit to Rugby, 69.

Carlyle, John A., his Translation of Dante, 104.

Chelsea, old memories of, II ; Carlyle fixes his residence there,

31-

Coleridge, S. T., as a talker, 8.
Collins's Peerage, 152.
Craigenputtoch, 23 ; description of by Carlyle, in a letter to

Goethe, 24.
Cromwell, Oliver, Letters and Speeches, 68 ; his Protectoiate,

145-
Cunningham, Allan, a saying of his, 50*

Demosthenes, 166.

De Quincey, Thomas, his critique on Wilhelm Meister, 22.
D'Orsay, Count, his Portrait of Carlyle, 121.
Dumfries, 24.

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, his visit to Carlyle at Craigenputtoch,
27 ; his Essays introduced to the English public by Carlyle,
58 ; Margaret Fuller's letter to him, 71.

Eyre, Edward John, Carlyle's defence of, 118.

Ferguson's Roman History, 140.

INDEX. 199

Fichte, 43.

Eraser's Magazine, 26, 28, 1 2 1.
Frederick the Great, History of, 87, 93.
French Revolution, History of the, 44.

Fuller, Margaret, her Letter to Emerson describing Carlyle's
conversation, 71.

German Romance, 22.

Gibbon, 29.

Goethe, his Faust, 19 ; his friendship with Carlyle, 20 ; his
Wilhelm Meister translated by Carlyle, 21 \ Carlyle's letters
to him, 24 j writes an Introduction to the German transla-
tion of Carlyle's Life of Schiller, 26 ; his verses to Mrs.
Carlyle, ib. ; Wilhelm Meister's Travels, 170; Verses by
him, quoted, 186.

Grant, James, quoted, 20, 52, 54.

Hannay, James, on Carlyle, 53.

Heyne, his Tibullus and Virgil, 163.

Hoffmann, Carlyle's translation from, 22.

Home, R. H., quoted, 33, 34.

Houghton, Lord, breakfast party at his house, 44.

Hunt, Leigh, invited by Carlyle to visit him in Dumfriesshire,
32 ; settles at Chelsea, ib. ; characteristic anecdote, 33 ;
leaves Chelsea, 34 ; Carlyle's high eulogiurn on, 35 ; Car-
lyle's criticism on his Autobiography, 39 ; quoted, 52.

Ireland, Carlyle's Papers on, 80,
Irving, Edward, 15, 16, 46.

200 INDEX.

Jeffrey, Lord, his critique on Wilhelm Meister, 22.
Johnson, Samuel, advice as to reading, 61.

Knox, John, an ancestor of Carlyle's wife, 23 ; grim humour of,
53 ; belongs to the select of the earth, 143 ; his History of
the Reformation, 185.

Lally, at Pondicheny, 90.

La Motte Fouque, Carlyle's Translations from, 22.

Landor, Walter Savage, 29, 44.

Latter-Day Pamphlets, 86.

Lawrence, Samuel, his portrait of Carlyle, 121.

Legendre's Geometry, translated by Carlyle, 19.

Leslie, Sir John, 15.

Lewes, George Henry, 72 ; his anecdotes of Carlyle, 122.

London Magazine, The, 21, 22.

Louis Philippe, 80.

Machiavelli on Democracy, 113, 146.

Maclise, Daniel, 31.

Mazzini, his articles on Carlyle, 64 ; Carlyle's defence of his

character, 65 j remonstrates vainly with Carlyle, 75.
Milnes, R. M., see Houghtori) Lord.
Mirabeau, 29.

Moore, Thomas, meets Carlyle at a breakfast party, 44.
Musaus, 23.

Napier, Sir William, his History of the Administration of

Scinde, 87 ; Carlyle's Letter to him, ib.
Necker, Carlyle's Biography of him, quoted, 17.

INDEX. 201

Kero, death of, 28.

Newfoundland, Carlyle's account of, quoted, i3.

Ossoli, see Fuller.

Past and Present, 59 ; quoted, 187,
Paul et Virginie, 50.
Petrarch and Laura, 73.
Phocion, 167.

Quincey, see De Quincey.

Richardson, David Lester, his Literary Leaves, 46 ; Carlyle's

Letter to him, 46.
Richter, Jean Paul, 23.
Robinson, Henry Crabb, 45.
Rous, Sir Francis, 148.

Rousseau, at St. Pierre, 25 ; his Confessions, 29.
Rugby School, 69.

Sartor Resartus, 42

Schiller, Friedrich, quotation from his poem Licht und Warme^
1 8 ; Carlyle's Life of him, 21.

Shakespeare, 73.

Smith, Alexander, his account of the delivery of Carlyle's Ad-
dress at Edinburgh, 93, sqq.

Socrates, disparaged by Carlyle, 29.

Sophocles, the tragedies of 141.

Sterling, John, 44 ; death of, 68 ; Carlyle's Life of him, 87.

Stirling, J. H., Carlyle's Letter to, 190.

202 INDEX.

Tennyson, why he wrote in verse, 73.

Teufelsdroeckh, 42, 74.

Thackeray, W. M., his sociability, 7 ; his verses on the death of

Charles Buller, 21, 80.
Tieck, 23.
Turveydrop senior, on Polished Deportment, 55

University of Edinburgh, 125.

Welsh family, 23.

Woolner, Thomas, his Medallion of Carlyle, 122,

Youth, the golden season of life, 130.
Zoilus, 25,

THE END,

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Basil. By WILKIE COLLINS.

Illustrated by Sir JOHN GILBERT and J. MAHONEY.

CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 27

THE PICCADILLY NOVELS— continued.

Hide and Seek. By WILKIE COLLINS.

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Illustrated by Sir JOHN GILBERT and H. FURNISS.

Queen of Hearts. By WILKIE COLLINS.

Illustrated by Sir J. GILBERT and A. CONCANEN.
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Illustrated by Sir J. GILBERT and F. A. FRASER.
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Illustrated by G. Du MAURIER and F. A. FRASER.
Man and Wife. By WILKIE COLLINS.

Illustrated by WILLIAM SMALL.
Poor Miss Finch. By WILKIE COLLINS.

Illustrated by G. Du MAURIER and EDWARD HUGHES.
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Illustrated by S. L. FILDES and HENRY WOODS.
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Illustrated by G. Du MAURIER and C. S. RANDS.
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Illustrated by G. Du MAURIER and J. MAHOXEY.
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Olympia. By Rt E. FRANCILLON.

Under the Greenwood Tree. By THOMAS HARDY.

Fated to be Free. By JEAN INGELOW.

The Queen of Connaught. By HARRIETT JAY.

The Dark Colleen. By HARRIETT JAY.

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28 BOOKS PUBLISHED BY

THE PICCADILLY NOVELS — continued.

Patricia Kemball. By E. LYNN LINTON.

With Frontispiece by G. Du MAURIER.

" Displays genuine humour, as well as keen social observation. Enough graphic
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The Atonement of Learn Dundas. By E. LYNN LINTON.

With a Frontispiece by HENRY WOODS.

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The Water dale Neighbours. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.

My Enemy's Daughter. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.

Linley^ Rochford. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.

A Fair Saxon^ By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.

Dear Lady Disdain. By JUSTIN MCCARTHY.

The Evil Eye, and other Stories. By KATHARINE S.MACQUOID.
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Number Seventeen. By HENRY KINGSLEY.

Oakshott Castle. By HENRY KINGSLEY.

With a Frontispiece by SHIRLEY HODSON.

"A brisk and clear north wind of sentiment — sentiment that braces instead oj
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Open ! Sesame ! By FLORENCE MARRYAT.

Illustrated by F. A. FRASER.

" A story which arouses and sustains the reader's interest to a higher degree
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Whiteladies. By Mrs. OLIPHANT.

With Illustrations by A. HOPKINS and H. WOODS.
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The Best of Husbands. By JAMES PAYN.

Illustrated by J. MOYR SMITH.
Fallen Fortunes. By JAMES PAYN.

Halves. By JAMES PAYN.

With a Frontispiece by J. MAHONEY.

Walter 's Word. By JAMES PAYN.

Illustrated by J. MOYR SMITH.
What he Cost Jier. By JAMES PAYN.

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CHATTO & WINDUS, PICCADILLY. 29

THE PICCADILLY NOVELS — continued.
Her Mother's Darling. By Mrs j H> RlDDELL

The Way we Live Now. By ANTHONY TROLLOPE.

With Illustrations.

The American Senator. By ANTHONY TROLLOPE.

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FORTNIGHTLY REVIEW. y

Diamond Cut Diamond. By T. A. TROLLOPE.

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Bound to the Wheel By JOHN SAUNDERS.

Gtiy Waterman. By JOHN SAUNDERS.

One Against tJie World. By JOHN SAUNDERS.

The Lion in the Path. By JOHN SAUNDERS.

" A carefully written and beautiful story — a story of goodness and truth,
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. . . Certainly a very interesting book" — TIMES.

Ready-Money Mortiboy. By w. BESANT and JAMES RICE.

My Little Girl. By W. BESANT and JAMES RICE.

The Case of Mr. Lucraft. By W. BESANT and JAMES RICE.

This Son of Vulcan. By W. BESANT and JAMES RICE.

With Harp and Crown. By W. BESANT and JAMES RICE.

The Golden Butterfly. By W. BESANT and JAMES RICE.

With a Frontispiece by F. S. WALKKR.

" ' The Golden Butterfly ' will certainly add to the happiness of mankind, for
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o 177 j